Respiratory mechanics and control of the ventilatory cycle in the gartner snake

Abstract

We measured respiratory airflow and intrapulmonary pressure in spontaneously breathing garter snakes ( Thamnophis sirtalis) before and after bilateral vagotomy. Each breathing cycle consisted of expiration, inspiration, and a breath-holding period with the glottis closed, as previously reported. Respiratory system compliance was very high compared with that of mammals (0.042 ml/cm H 2O per g), but was considerably reduced when the animal was coiled. Resistance to airflow averaged 6.35 cm H 2O per ml/sec. Lung volume during the breath-hold was usually above the relaxed volume of the system. Analysis of dynamic pressure-volume and flow-volume loops showed that both expiration were active, and that little use was made of passive recoil pressure in expiration. Evidence that vagally mediated, volume-related feedback influenced the breathing pattern was found in some snakes, but this influence was weaker than in most mammals and other reptiles. The results suggest that breathing in snakes is mainly a centrally programmed process, not markedly on respiratory system mechanics or neuromechanical feedback. This arrangement is advantageous in view of the high, posturally variable compliance and the frequent regional distortions of the respiratory system that result from the unique structure of these animals.