Respiratory diseases of reptiles

Abstract

Respiratory disease is one of the most commonly encountered disease processes in collections of captive reptiles. In many cases, improper husbandry techniques, including too high or too low temperatures, inadequate humidity, and poor nutrition will compromise the reptile's immune system and its response to potential pathogens. Poor hygiene and lack of quarantine procedures may allow introduction of potential pathogens into an established collection of reptiles. A variety of infectious and noninfectious agents have been associated with respiratory tract disease in reptiles. In many cases, multiple organisms are isolated from a reptile patient with respiratory tract disease. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial organisms may be the primary agents causing respiratory tract disease or can be secondary invaders in reptiles with viral respiratory disease. Treatment should be based on eliminating predisposing factors such as improper husbandry, proper collection of diagnostic samples, culture and sensitivity testing, and selection of proper antimicrobial agents. Adequate supportive therapy, including fluid therapy and nutritional support, is indicated in patients with clinical signs of anorexia, lethargy, and systemic illness. Ultimately, preventing introduction of potential pathogens into an established collection, developing specific diagnostic tests, and vaccines will protect the reptile patient from the most commonly encountered pathogens.