Respiratory and acid-base physiology of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, during air exposure: presence and function of a facultative lung.

Abstract

Upon exposure to air (emersion), the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus releases an "emersion fluid" from its esophagus. Release of this fluid causes air to appear within the test (or calcareous theca), most likely inside the intestine. The air space is large, occupying 33.5% of the volume of the intrathecal space. The intestine containing air forms a facultative lung and contributes to the oxygenation of the perivisceral coelomic fluid (PCF) during emersion. During emersion, the mean partial pressure of oxygen (PO(2)) of the PCF declined from 56 to 24 torr (1 torr = 0.1333 kPa) after 2 h, remained relatively unchanged after 4 h, and rose to 39 torr after 8 h. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO(2)) rose from 2.6 to 3.8 torr after 2 h, remained unchanged after 4 h, and declined to 2.7 after 8 h. Due to the elevation of PCO(2) PCF pH declined from 7.41 to 7.17. PCF osmotic concentration, calcium ion concentration, chloride ion concentration, ammonium ion concentration, and protein concentration were unchanged by air exposure. Lactate levels in the PCF were undetectable. S. purpuratus was an osmoconformer and a chloride ion conformer at salinities down to 20.9 ppt. Below this salinity, the sea urchins died. The respiratory acidosis resulting from air exposure was uncompensated, supporting the hypothesis that compensation for a respiratory acidosis induced by air exposure does not occur in organisms that are unable to regulate ions in a dilute environment. We suggest that the facultative lung ensures a minimal PO(2) in the PCF, which may be especially important when the intrathecal space is full of ripe gonads, allowing the gonads to be more reliant on aerobic metabolism.