Abstract
Respiratory Affections in Calves in Upper and Middle Egypt: Bacteriologic, Immunologic and Epidemiologic Studies
Highlights
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered one of the most common worldwide affections in calves causing huge economic losses due to reduction of feed efficiency, average daily gain, overall performance and calf mortality (Härtel et al, 2004; Taylor et al., 2010)
P. multocida was singly isolated from 20 cases (4.9%) while it was mixed in 54 cases (13.3%)
Immune parameters related to single and mixed P. multocida isolates recorded in Table 8 showed that all respiratory manifested calves recorded a significant elevation of serum nitric oxide andIL-6levels compared with normal control calves
Summary
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered one of the most common worldwide affections in calves causing huge economic losses due to reduction of feed efficiency, average daily gain, overall performance and calf mortality (Härtel et al, 2004; Taylor et al., 2010). BRD in calves is a multi-etiological entity associated with several infectious agents and other factors (Fulton, 2009). US Publishers managerial factors and their interactions are responsible for the disease outbreaks (Kabeta et al, 2015). As many factors can impair the local defense mechanisms and/or damage the lining of the respiratory tract to such an extent that these pathogens are able to progress deeper into the respiratory tract and cause disease (Lopez, 2001). Any one or a combination of the environmental and managerial factors can make calves more susceptible to the disease. Exogenous infections can occur by direct contact with diseased animals or infected aerosols
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