Resource transfers and their relationship with territorial development in Colombia

Introduction. It is extremely important to improve the management of territorial development and to determine the priorities of state regional policy and to harmonize national, regional and local interests. At the present stage, the institutional support for the development of territories is characterized by the slowness of state measures to implement reforms, the inconsistency of regional and local development and «point» bills. Therefore, today there is an urgent need to explore the essence of institutional imbalances and their impact on the management of territorial development.Purpose of the research. Research of defining features of the development of territories, the characteristics of the evolutionary transformations of the state regional policy of Ukraine and the definition of institutional imbalances in the modern management model and their impact on the development of territories.Research methods. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: system analysis, systematization, generalization - to identify signs of development of territories; chronological - to study the peculiarities of the evolutionary transformations of the state regional policy of Ukraine; institutional analysis - to determine the impact of institutional imbalances on the development of territories.Results. The signs of the development of territories are highlighted, namely: the impact of the development of territories on the national economy as a whole; rational use of various territorial resources through effective institutional mechanisms and management tools; development is always associated with the spatial organization of the territory; the real development of territories is based on partnership relations between public authorities, business representatives and the public. The features of evolutionary transformations and the current state and specificity of the state regional policy of Ukraine are investigated: from smoothing disproportions in regional development and solving point chronic problems to socio-economic cohesion and unity of the country and sustainable growth in the quality of human life, regardless of where he was born, where he lives now and where he will live in the future. It has been proved that decentralization is primarily due to the declared state regional policy, which determines the scale and pace of reforms, and that the relationship between decentralization and the development of territories is ambiguous, since in the context of the new state regional policy, the problems of institutional support for managing the development of territories lead to a number of contradictions and imbalances. , namely: the formation of a hierarchical system of regional and local authorities has not been completed; low involvement of state authorities and local self-government bodies at the district and regional level in the processes of organizing cooperation between territorial communities; lack of a full-fledged system for monitoring the impact of reforms on the development of territories; inadequate participation in the territorial development management model of the Regional Development Agencies; the development of territories requires not only their effective functioning, but also ensuring economic security. It has been determined that the development of territories requires both the effectiveness of measures of state regional policy and the development of local authorities, since the decentralization reform itself will be perceived as an expansion of the powers of local authorities, and therefore the ability of local residents to develop, finance and implement local policy.Perspectives. In the conditions of realization of the new state regional policy the prospects of further scientific researches are directions of improvement of institutional maintenance of management of development of territories.

The unstable development of the economy of the vast majority of Russian regions and unstable indicators in modern conditions require the establishment and determination of the causes of the observed negative events. This situation is relevant at the regional level, where, in addition to the devastating consequences, the inconsistency of state policy in the field of institutional Economics has created a General lag in the pace of socio-economic development. Based on this, the timeliness and relevance of the consideration of improving the instrumental forms of ensuring the spatially-uniform development of the regions is that the current stage of development of the regional economic level is identified by us with the increasing center-periphery differentiation. The processes of its growth, which are formed under the influence of evolutionary-acquired and inertial-hereditary factors, negatively affect the pace of socio-economic development of peripheral and semi-peripheral territories, do not allow to develop the real sector of the territorial economy, to improve the level and quality of life of the population of localities. In this regard, it seems that the solution of scientific problems of finding new and improving existing instrumental forms of spatially-uniform regional development is relevant in theoretical, methodological and applied aspects of the element of scientific support for the development of the regional economy, its subsystems and components, and the study is desirable to focus on the growth of methodological principles of spatial development of most regions operating in the conditions of center-periphery stratification, as well as the argument of practical recommendations for their depolarization on the principles of improving the organizational and economic tools, as well as methods of analysis and evaluation of the spatial development of the region.

Abstract. The article systemises conceptual foundations of ensuring sustainable development of rural territories. It is substantiated that the growing role of rural areas in the regional economy of the country creates prerequisites for the need to develop sustainable development measures. Rural areas play a significant role in the structure of the economy of any region. Creating conditions for sustainable development of rural areas is an important strategic goal of the state's regional policy. Achievement of the goals and objectives of sustainable rural development can be carried out with the help of many various regional regulatory instruments. What matters is whether the measures produce positive results, whether the stated goals are achieved and whether the tasks are solved. The main result of the regional rural development policy is the reduction of disparities in terms of socio-economic development between urban and rural areas. When assessing the results of rural development, two points should be kept in mind. The first is that government intervention should not destroy market relations. Second, the impact of various factors in the development of the regional economy is ambiguous, so it is difficult to assess the contribution of a particular factor to the results of regional economic development. When assessing the results of regional economic development, it is necessary to compare the set of indicators of their development with different levels of regional development and analyse the measures taken by the authorities to implement the tasks of stabilising regional development. To ensure the sustainable development of rural areas, it is necessary to develop a strategy for the development of these areas, based on which a socio-economic programme for the development of rural municipalities should be elaborated and adopted. The basis for the development of such programmes should be strategies for the socio-economic development of rural municipalities, which determine the potential of rural municipalities and the prospects for their socio-economic development. Strategies for the socio-economic development of rural settlements should include measures to increase their resource potential and develop their socio-economic status and improve the welfare of the population in rural areas.

Ensuring the efficiency of regional (territorial) development management is impossible without a clear understanding of existing threats. Therefore, there is a crucial need for continuous detailed monitoring and analysis of information regarding their presence, changes over time, patterns of emergence, influencing factors, possibilities for mitigation, and so on. The broad and multifaceted definitions of threats presented in scientific studies, along with the variety of types, make it appropriate to summarize these materials and attempt to classify types of threats from the perspective of their impact on the socioeconomic development of a specific territory and its population, with the aim of subsequently selecting strategic priorities, the formation and implementation of programs and projects, and the use of appropriate tools to achieve efficient public administration in regional development, which is particularly relevant in the context of the ongoing russian federation war against Ukraine, as well as the reconstruction of the country’s territories and regions during the post-war recovery period. The aim of this article is to analyze, evaluate, and summarize existing theoretical and practical approaches to developing a classification of threats in the context of managing regional (territorial) development in Ukraine, particularly under conditions of wartime and post-war reconstruction. The article examines contemporary approaches to the existing types of threats based on the analysis of different aspects of their impact; it develops and summarizes materials to further formulate proposals for a generalized classification of regional (territorial) development threats, based on combining a broad range of their characteristics and mutual influences, with the aim of their subsequent use in the process of managing spatial development in Ukraine.

Xi Jinping’s report to the 19th CPC National Congress expounded the implementation of the regional coordinated development strategy for the first time, which is a significant improvement in China’s regional development strategy since the reform and opening up policy. The imbalance of China’s regional development reflects the conflicts between people’s growing needs for a better life and the imbalanced regional development in terms of the spatial distribution of economic activities, and has always been one of the major difficulties in China’s economic and social development. As a typical place-based” policy, the significance of the development zone has gone beyond the development zone itself and become an important carrier to serve the national economic development strategy. Based on the panel data of prefecture-level cities from 2000—2015, this paper takes the cleaning up and rectifying policy of development zones in 2003 as a quasi-natural experiment and adopts the difference-in-differences propensity score matching method to estimate the impact of the place-based” policy on regional economic development. It comes to the results as follows: the cleaning up and rectifying policy of development zones has significantly reduced regional disparity, but not significantly affected regional disparities at the per capita level. Meanwhile, the cleaning up and rectifying policy of development zones has significantly reduced regional economic growth, which in another way means the setting up of development zones has indeed promoted regional economic growth. Also it has not significantly affected regional disparities at the per capita level. On these grounds, it can be concluded that, under the circumstance of insufficient mobility of production factors, the balance of regional development at the aggregate level has been achieved through the transfer of resources and the regional preferential policies, but the regional balance at the per capita level has not been achieved. The sub-region test shows that the impact is more significant for the central and western areas but not significant for the eastern areas when it comes to the aggregate economic growth, implying that the development of the central and western may be balanced at the expense of losing efficiency in the eastern. Furthermore, cities with development zones which are within 300 km from the urban agglomeration are more advantageous than those beyond 300 km from the urban agglomeration. The heterogeneity test of metropolitan areas shows that the cleaning up and rectifying policy of the Yangtze River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has greater effects on economic growth, while that of the Pearl River Delta has less effects. Therefore, the urban agglomeration and metropolitan area should be strengthened as a key to implement the place-based” policy. By optimizing the rational layout of development zones, it will help to boost economic growth in less developed areas and narrow the gap of economic development between developed areas and less developed areas. Besides, by improving the basic public service level in the central and western areas, the loss of balance and efficiency can be avoided to some extent, thus realizing regional prosperity.

Regional development is one of the key factors in the implementation of the EU strategic goals. The regional development policy of the European Union includes a large number of activities and programs whose main goal is to ensure the economic, social and territorial development of various regions and territories of the EU. The role of the regional policy of the European Union in the implementation of the socio-economic development of regions and territories, based on the principles of justice, balance and complexity, has been determined. Approaches to the formation of regional development policy in some European countries are analyzed and key features and trends are allocated. It is determined that the regional development of countries that take into account current trends and opportunities of territories serves as a driver of sustainable and high-performance development of the EU. The article examines and analyzes in detail the features of the development of territorial development projects and identifies such aspects as features of regional policy, approaches to the implementation of territorial development projects, sources of financing, directions of territorial development and the level of involvement of stakeholders. These aspects are key in the formation of territorial development projects, and their effective implementation contributes to the achievement of strategic goals, increasing the level of socio-economic status and competitiveness of individual territories and countries as a whole. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the development and implementation of territorial development projects in EU countries has been carried out. It is concluded that each of the countries that have been studied has a personal list of aspects of the implementation of regional policy, but they are united by a common goal: sustainable, balanced and systematic European spatial development.

The paper highlights the issues of spatial development of Russia's territory and its regions. The authors substantiate the interrelation of spatial development and sustainable development of territories, where the spatial organization of the country's economy is considered as one of the directions of achieving sustainable development. The problems of spatial development are analysed and disclosed. As an important indicator of the imbalance of modern spatial development of regions and the whole territory of the Russian Federation is considered the population density and concentration of economic activity, which have a close relationship and historical features of formation. The paper substantiates the allocation of macrozones and macroregions for a comprehensive analysis of social and economic problems and determining the prospects of spatial development of the Russian Federation regions. Statistical indicators in the context of six macrozones are given and analysed. The authors substantiate the allocation of macrozones from the position of the theory of economic zoning of the territory of Russia, which was applied before 2000, and the formation of Federal Districts as a result of the introduction of a new political and administrative reform of the country. The authors identify the regularities of development of six macrozones based on the results of analysing a sample of statistical indicators and trends in their dynamics. The study formulates and substantiates the problems of persisting imbalance and disproportions in the spatial development of Russia's regions and territory. In order to solve this problem, the authors propose a multilevel realization model of spatial development of the territory the Russian Federation, in which the criteria of differentiation are defined at the following levels: macro-level and meso-level. The basis for solving the problems of spatial differentiation is the choice by each region of a clear strategy of socio-economic development, the development which is fixed at the state level and is mandatory.

Family business and regional development—A theoretical model of regional familiness

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE ON ASSESSMENT AND REDUCTION OF DISPROPORTATION OF REGIONS DEVELOPMENT

Topicality. The prolonged state of martial law in Ukraine has become a key precondition for transforming approaches to territorial development management, not only in terms of rapid response but also within longer planning horizons, particularly in the medium-term perspective. Strategic planning remains a core component of strategic governance, ensuring that decisions made by public authorities are aligned with defined development goals, functions, and mission. It is a multi-level process encompassing the prioritization of activities across central, regional, and local institutions, the selection of effective implementation mechanisms, and the allocation of resources in accordance with strategic objectives. This approach enables the alignment of regional development tasks with national policy priorities. Under current conditions, territorial development planning is undergoing significant transformation, shaped by the paradigm of “new regionalism,” which emphasizes institutional frameworks and the efficient development of territorial-economic systems. In the context of martial law, strategic planning is evolving toward forms that address not only immediate challenges but also medium-term security risks and the consequences of military conflict. Accordingly, the implementation of “new regionalism” principles—such as multi-level governance, stakeholder engagement, and partnership—is increasingly relevant. Given Ukraine’s European integration trajectory, adapting EU strategic planning practices is essential for building an effective model of socio-economic territorial development. Aim and tasks. The aim of this study is to examine the transformation of conceptual and methodological approaches to strategic planning for the socio-economic development of territorial-economic systems by identifying the key preconditions that shape the strategic planning process within the paradigm of “new regionalism” and under the conditions of martial law following the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In order to achieve this aim, the study sets out the following tasks: (1) to analyze institutional shifts that significantly affect both the objects and subjects of strategic planning in the context of a globalized economy; (2) to explore the transformation of approaches to regional (local) development management through the lens of traditional models and the “new regionalism” paradigm; (3) to describe the implementation of new strategic planning approaches within the framework of “new regionalism” in Ukraine prior to the full-scale invasion and compare them with those applied under martial law conditions. Materials and Methods. The methodological framework of the study is based on the application of general scientific and specialized analytical methods. The method of generalization was employed to identify new approaches to strategic planning within the “new regionalism” paradigm in Ukraine. Comparative and synthesis methods were applied to examine preconditions for updating strategic planning approaches under wartime conditions. Research results. The article examines the conceptual and methodological foundations of strategic planning for the socio-economic development of Ukraine’s regions, both in the pre-war period and under current wartime conditions. Institutional transformations significantly influence the formation of strategic activity, altering both its objects and subjects. Globalization, technological progress, organizational diversification, and the growing autonomy of economic agents reduce the effectiveness of traditional state regulatory instruments while simultaneously standardizing the rules of economic interaction. The shift away from classical rationality toward network-based cooperation complicates strategic governance and necessitates new approaches to development policy. Under such conditions, the liberal model of economic interaction becomes dominant due to capital flexibility and limited state control. The European Union’s experience in regional development planning is grounded in the paradigm of “new regionalism.” Within this model, the role of multi-level governance, local self-government, and cohesion policy is strengthened, providing funding not only for lagging regions but also for advanced ones to support innovation, entrepreneurship, and cross-border cooperation. In Ukraine, the implementation of the principles of “new regionalism” prior to the outbreak of the full-scale war involved the modernization of strategic planning. However, the state of martial law necessitates the consideration of security constraints that affect the functioning of the state and its territorial-economic systems. Conclusion. The findings of the study indicate that, despite the onset of russia’s full-scale invasion, most approaches to regional development planning shaped within the European paradigm of “new regionalism” have retained their relevance. At the same time, the state of martial law necessitates consideration of security-related constraints that affect the functioning of the state and its territorial-economic systems. These conditions have led to increased centralization of regional policy, particularly through the suspension of decentralization reforms and the expansion of state authority. The updated State Strategy for Regional Development for 2021–2027 remains highly relevant; however, certain gaps persist in its content. Notably, the strategy does not account for the role of districts as intermediate administrative-territorial units, which limits the comprehensiveness of the territorial governance approach.

Alrededor de las experiencias en materia de politicas publicas de desarrollo regional en America Latina, se elabora una reflexion necesaria sobre los modelos de desarrollo regional, resaltando el fracaso de la regionalizacion, de una descentralizacion que no logra configurarse y el dominio de la cultura centralista, al mismo tiempo que han aumentado las desigualdades territoriales. Las conclusiones propuestas sobre el fracaso del ciclo anterior de experiencias (1947 / 1997) pasan por la construccion de un nuevo conocimiento para efectuar intervenciones territoriales inteligentes y del tripode de oro: el conocimiento cientifico, el consenso social y el poder politico colectivo

The article proposes a methodical approach to building a set of indicators to assess the socio-economic effectiveness of community and regional development in conditions of post-war reconstruction. It is noted that prior to the beginning of a full-scale aggression, normative and legal content in the regulation area of regional and territorial development contained only fragmented instructions on application of the principle of efficiency, which was observed before reaching high levels of planned development indicators. It is stated that the updated policy of state regional development in 2022 has standardized the approach to the determination of effectiveness as the main determinants and primary indicator of development success in peaceful conditions and during the post-war reconstruction.It is justified that during the transition period the official methodical basis for determining the essence and approaches to assessing the effectiveness of social and economic development of communities and regions is still being formed, as well as losing relevance of complex evaluation of development effectiveness due to lack of statistical information and violation of consistency and consistency of its indicators in the conditions of war, it is necessary to form an easy and reliable tool for such evaluation. The basic principles of its construction in the form of a set of indicators determine maximum conformity of the current normative-legal and methodical base, correct understanding of the essence of socio-economic efficiency, as an indicator of satisfaction of material, social, spiritual needs of people, as well as use of integral indicators of quality of life and social quality as basic for determination of socio-economic efficiency. The author developed a corresponding methodical approach and a related set of indicators for assessing socio-economic effectiveness of community and regional development, which includes separate evaluation components for communities and regions. It is well-grounded that its application will improve the quality of community and regional development planning and will be useful in monitoring the implementation of their development strategies and plans, overcoming the problems of information and analytical support during the period of military condition. The proposed methodical approach can also serve as a basis for the development of the official methodical base, which is envisaged by the policy of regions` renewal, regarding the evaluation of their development effectiveness.

Clarifying the intrinsic nature and formation mechanisms of the territorial spatial development non-equilibrium, optimizing the allocation of territorial resources, promoting regional balanced development, and alleviating regional development disparities have become common endeavors of all countries seeking to enhance development quality. This study, based on the land use and socio-economic data of 31 provinces and cities in China from 2006 to 2020, utilized the kernel density estimation method and ArcGIS spatial analysis to explore the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of China’s territorial spatial development non-equilibrium. The research findings are as follows: (1) From 2006 to 2020, both the land development intensity and land supply capacity showed an increasing trend, with increases of 21.4% and 8.03%, respectively. However, their spatiotemporal evolutions significantly differed. (2) The state of the territorial spatial development non-equilibrium in China significantly improved, with a rising trend in the territorial spatial equilibrium degree. Regional disparities in the territorial spatial equilibrium degree decreased. The number of provinces and cities in a state of underdevelopment decreased from 23 to 8, while the number in an equilibrium state increased from 7 to 21. The central and western regions showed more significant improvements in the territorial spatial equilibrium degree and a greater reduction in regional disparity when compared to the eastern and northeastern regions. (3) China exhibited distinct regional disparities in the territorial spatial equilibrium degree. The overdeveloped areas were Beijing and Shanghai. The underdeveloped regions were primarily concentrated in western areas, including Sichuan, Yunnan, and Xinjiang. The high-level equilibrium regions were predominantly located in the southeastern coastal provinces and the central plains region, while the low-level equilibrium regions included Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Qinghai, and the three northeastern provinces. (4) From the perspective of the number of agglomeration types, the order is HH (high–high) > LH (low–high) > LL (low–low) > HL (high–low), and China’s TSED exhibits a spatial proximity peer effect. The innovation of this study consists of the following aspects: (1) The clarification of the fact that the essence of equilibrium does not require an exact 1:1 match, as with “two horses”; rather, it entails the maintenance of a slight surplus of land supply capacity over land development intensity. This approach allows the possibility of future sustainable development by leaving room for expansion. (2) The differentiation between high-intensity conjugation (in terms of both quantity and quality) and low-intensity conjugation (quantity only) from a conjugate perspective. This categorization aids in a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the territorial spatial development non-equilibrium and its spatiotemporal patterns. It provides crucial information for the formulation of sustainable national territorial development plans and the promotion of a regional development equilibrium.

Today, the Arctic is one of the most significant regions of the geopolitics of the world's leading states. The clash of their interests in the region creates the need to form the foundations for a theoretical understanding of sustainable development as the main ideological component of achieving effective economic growth in the Arctic. The object of research is the sustainable development of the Arctic region. The subject of the study is the theoretical basis of sustainable development in relation to the Arctic region. Special attention is paid to the study of supranational regulatory bodies of states in the Arctic and the legal basis for the use of these territories at the present stage, as well as the shortcomings of current approaches and proof of the need to develop principles of sustainable economic development in the region. The article analyzes modern approaches to sustainable development, characterizes the main interests of the main participants in the development of the region, and also puts forward proposals for the formation of principles of sustainable economic development in the Arctic, aimed at ensuring the economic growth of the region. The main conclusions of the study are: proof of the imperfection of modern regulation of sustainable development as an economic category, the abundance and overlap of the functionality of supranational organizations engaged in the sustainable development of Arctic territories and the need to develop new concepts of sustainable economic development of the region. The scientific novelty lies in the proof of the increase in the navigational importance of the region with climate change, as well as the economic potential of the region, which results in the activation of the political significance of the region for key world powers.

The current state of the economy with the deterioration of economic results of transformational changes is characterized by the lack of a system of management of the dynamics of growth of economic indicators due to the transition to innovative sources of economic development, which activates the issue of providing such changes in controlled character. The economic development of the region concerns not only financial revenues to local budgets, but also an increase in the overall welfare of the population, through prism of priority directions of development. The path to improving the life and economic development of the Vinnytsia region is possible taking into account transformational processes, but achieving this involves solving the complex of goals and tasks facing management bodies. The current state, trends and problems of reproduction of the economic potential of sustainable development of Ukraine and its regions are investigated. An analysis of the ineffectiveness of enterprises of certain types of activities of the region's economy is carried out. The formation of the system of indicators of the development of regional socio-economic systems is proposed and a systematic and integrated assessment of the economic potential of the development of the Vinnytsia region is carried out. Considerable attention is brought to assess the economic potential of the region, prospects for modernization of social infrastructure and the formation of sustainable economic growth in the region. The basic and strategic directions of rationalization of resource use spheres are formulated on the basis of assessment of minerals, improving the management of the agricultural complex of the region as the main determinants of the effective use of territorial development of regional complexes. The SWOT-analysis of the Vinnytsia region has been conducted, the strengths and weaknesses of development and economic output of the region on cross-border markets and the world arena are characterized. The possibilities of the region are outlined, which will contribute to further competitiveness of the region at the level of other economic regions of Ukraine. Provided threats of development that arise under the influence of external forces that interfere with rapid and sustainable growth.