Resource Description Framework reification for trustworthiness in knowledge graphs.

Abstract

Knowledge graph (KG) publishes machine-readable representation of knowledge on the Web. Structured data in the knowledge graph is published using Resource Description Framework (RDF) where knowledge is represented as a triple (subject, predicate, object). Due to the presence of erroneous, outdated or conflicting data in the knowledge graph, the quality of facts cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, the provenance of knowledge can assist in building up the trust of these knowledge graphs. In this paper, we have provided an analysis of popular, general knowledge graphs Wikidata and YAGO4 with regard to the representation of provenance and context data. Since RDF does not support metadata for providing provenance and contextualization, an alternate method, RDF reification is employed by most of the knowledge graphs. Trustworthiness of facts in knowledge graph can be enhanced by the addition of metadata like the source of information, location and time of the fact occurrence. Wikidata employs qualifiers to include metadata to facts, while YAGO4 collects metadata from Wikidata qualifiers. RDF reification increases the magnitude of data as several statements are required to represent a single fact. However, facts in Wikidata and YAGO4 can be fetched without using reification. Another limitation for applications that uses provenance data is that not all facts in these knowledge graphs are annotated with provenance data. Structured data in the knowledge graph is noisy. Therefore, the reliability of data in knowledge graphs can be increased by provenance data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that investigates the method and the extent of the addition of metadata of two prominent KGs, Wikidata and YAGO4.