Abstract
Materials based on Mg2+-containing phosphates are gaining great relevance in the field of bone tissue repair via regenerative medicine methods. Magnesium ions, together with condensed phosphate ions, play substantial roles in the process of bone remodeling, affecting the early stage of bone regeneration through active participation in the process of osteosynthesis. In this paper we provide a comprehensive overview of the usage of biomaterials based on magnesium phosphate and magnesium calcium phosphate in bone reconstruction. We consider the role of magnesium ions in angiogenesis, which is an important process associated with osteogenesis. Finally, we summarize the biological properties of calcium magnesium phosphates for regeneration of bone.
Highlights
There is a great interest in bioresorbable materials for tissue engineering in modern surgery
Difficulties can appear in the synthesis of this compound, as this phase is thermodynamically stable in a narrow pH values area
Whitlockite exists in biological systems and can be precipitated under acidic conditions, and it can be synthesized in the form of nanoparticles below the boiling point of water
Summary
There is a great interest in bioresorbable materials for tissue engineering in modern surgery. The addition of a magnesium cation causes an increase in the intracellular Mg ion concentration in undifferentiated tiated BMSCs. The HIFs migrate to the cell nucleus and induce the production of COL10A1 and VEGF. The participation of the magnesium ions in human metabolic processes is determined by physicochemical characteristics They include a relatively small ionic radius (0.86 Å versus 1.14 Å for Ca2+ ), and high mobility and charge density (Mg2+ is usually coordinated by 6-7 H2 O molecules). During the degradation of Mg-based implants, the temporarily accumulated magnesium ions in the implantable bone matrix can be extracted into the circulatory system with no effects on their concentration in the blood serum [58]. It was shown that magnesium extract at certain concentrations has a positive effect on the formation of osteoblasts, but a suppressive effect on the differentiation of osteoclasts [28]
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