Abstract
The International Conference on Anomalous Scattering held in Malente, Germany, in 1992 examined the broad issue of ‘dispersion or resonant scattering’ for X-rays. The significant aspects discussed at that time included: the evaluation of X-ray scattering factors, the role of local broken symmetries and the application to structure determinations, the impact on magnetic X-ray scattering, but also resonant Raman scattering and nuclear resonant scattering. However, many aspects of resonant elastic X-ray scattering (REXS) were still being revealed and soon it was realised that new productive paths of research would open up. In the last two decades, applications have developed thanks to concurrent developments in X-ray instrumentation and theoretical approaches. Focusing on REXS only, noteworthy fields are: the observation of multiple order parameters, the detection of multipolar moments, but also applications in chemistry and materials sciences, macromolecules and soft matter in the soft X-ray range. REXS has evolved from the exploitation of large resonant signals to a powerful experimental and characterisation method aimed at unravelling new phenomena. The recent technical and theoretical advances have paved the way to further REXS developments in many fields of science.
Highlights
One of the many benefits of synchrotron radiation is the ease of energy adjustment of the X-ray beams that allows detailed investigations of scattering processes near absorption edges and the exploitation of the resonant process
The contributions given at the Malente Conference [1] in 1992 demonstrated clearly that the advent of synchrotron sources had led to major advances in the field
Until synchrotron radiation could be used, large efforts had been put on the estimation of resonant of the X-ray scattering factors [3, 4] while the impact of X-ray anomalous and resonant scattering on structures determination had been very small
Summary
One of the many benefits of synchrotron radiation is the ease of energy adjustment of the X-ray beams that allows detailed investigations of scattering processes near absorption edges and the exploitation of the resonant process. Malente marked the advent of third generation synchrotron sources with highly tuneable X-ray beams, good energy resolution and efficient instrumentation; these developments were more or less paralleled by advances on the theoretical front, including realistic modelling of resonant scattering amplitudes. Resonant X-ray Scattering has evolved from being a very exciting and promising field of research and/or a very efficient intensity enhancer to being an extraordinary rich probe of the various states of matter. This has been quite visible in some areas such as local symmetry properties in solids, materials sciences, soft matter and electronic properties in condensed matter. More progress is still to be expected: nano-focusing of X-ray beams, enhanced energy resolution, and the availability of coherent X-ray beams that could allow fast time-resolved studies will open new avenues for research on the electronic and structural properties of matter
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