Abstract
Host materials containing a large number of small inhomogeneities (such as gas bubbles suspended in a liquid) may be characterized by a set of ’’effective’’ material parameters which differ from those of the host material, as well as from those of the inhomogeneity. A method proposed by Ament [U.S. Naval Research Lab. Tech. Rept. 5307 (1959)] is used here to obtain the effective densities and the (complex) effective propagation constant of sound for liquids containing spherical gas bubbles, by comparing low-frequency sound scattering from the bubbles with scattering from a sphere of bubbly liquid. In contrast to previous treatments, some higher-order terms in the low-frequency expansion are retained here in order to include effects of the monopole resonance. Numerical results are obtained for air bubbles in water and the effects of surface tension, shear viscosity of the liquid, and thermal conduction in the gas, as derived by Nishi [Acustica 33, 65–74 (1975)], are included in our theory and displayed in the graphs.
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