Resolving the Doubts: On the Construction and Use of ResNets for Side-Channel Analysis

Abstract

The deep learning-based side-channel analysis gave some of the most prominent side-channel attacks against protected targets in the past few years. To this end, the research community’s focus has been on creating the following: (1) powerful multilayer perceptron or convolutional neural network architectures and (2) (if possible) minimal multilayer perceptron or convolutional neural network architectures. Currently, we see that, computationally intensive hyperparameter tuning methods (e.g., Bayesian optimization or reinforcement learning) provide the best results. However, as targets with more complex countermeasures become available, these minimal architectures may be insufficient, and we will require novel deep learning approaches.This work explores how residual neural networks (ResNets) perform in side-channel analysis and how to construct deeper ResNets capable of working with larger input sizes and requiring minimal tuning. The resulting architectures, obtained by following our guidelines, are significantly deeper than commonly seen in side-channel analysis, require minimal hyperparameter tuning for specific datasets, and offer competitive performance with state-of-the-art methods across several datasets. Additionally, the results indicate that ResNets work especially well when the number of profiling traces and features in a trace is large.