Resolving tensions in phenomenological research interviewing.

Abstract

A discussion of five prevalent tensions in phenomenological interviewing and ways to diminish them. A rigorous interviewer training program for novices is presented, grounded in the philosophy of Merleau-Ponty, and delivered in the context of a transdisciplinary phenomenology research group that provides constructive critique and mentoring. Discussion Paper. Personal experience as a trainer of novice researchers for over 25years, and classic and contemporary literature on phenomenological research methodology and interview technique. Phenomenological methodology is one of the most widely used research approaches across the globe in nursing and other human science disciplines. Current nursing literature contains reports in which a phenomenological approach is espoused, but the procedures are not consistent with the tenets of phenomenological philosophy. In particular, problems related to interview technique are evident. Interview training is essential for development of skill in eliciting comprehensive descriptions of the phenomena of concern to nurses, such as chronic pain and spiritual distress. Enhancing nurses' understanding of these phenomena ultimately impacts the provision of sensitive and compassionate care. Tensions in phenomenological interviewing can be diminished by trainee grounding in phenomenological philosophy, bracketing and pilot interviews, constructive peer critique, and guidance of research mentors. Problems in interview technique indicate the need to provide novice interviewers with rigorous training. A richly evocative interview is critical for powerful, credible, phenomenological research. This paper makes a unique contribution by identifying five tensions confronting the phenomenological interviewer, and ways to diminish them. Principles of the interviewer training program can be replicated in other locales by supervisors of student research in nursing and other human sciences.