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Abstract
Resistive oxygen sensors are an inexpensive alternative to the classical potentiometric zirconia oxygen sensor, especially for use in harsh environments and at temperatures of several hundred °C or even higher. This device-oriented paper gives a historical overview on the development of these sensor materials. It focuses especially on approaches to obtain a temperature independent behavior. It is shown that although in the past 40 years there have always been several research groups working concurrently with resistive oxygen sensors, novel ideas continue to emerge today with respect to improvements of the sensor response time, the temperature dependence, the long-term stability or the manufacture of the devices themselves using novel techniques for the sensitive films. Materials that are the focus of this review are metal oxides; especially titania, titanates, and ceria-based formulations.
Highlights
The story of the resistive oxygen gas sensor started in the 1960s when exhaust gas after-treatment concepts for reducing pollutants from automotive exhausts were suggested
Some of the first investigated resistive gas sensors were based on titania (TiO2)
Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is another intrinsically n-type conducting metal oxide that has been investigated by several groups
Summary
The story of the resistive oxygen gas sensor started in the 1960s when exhaust gas after-treatment concepts for reducing pollutants from automotive exhausts were suggested. The first concept, which prevails nowadays, uses zirconia concentration cells ( -probes) They measure the oxygen concentration versus an air duct, which serves as an oxygen reference. Reference [2], which is written from an industrial point of view, gives an overview on this technology It considers the interactions between sensor development, automotive requirements, and legislative regulations. An entire overview would go far beyond the scope of a review article This device-oriented review article concentrates on some key materials, which are oxides based on TiO2, SrTiO3, Ga2O3, and CeO2, with a special focus on exhaust gas oxygen sensing applications in harsh environments. Several groups worked on concepts to remove the temperature dependency of the resistivity of the utilized semiconducting sensor materials These approaches will be highlighted as well in this review
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