Abstract
The widespread use of insecticides has ecological consequences such as emergence of insecticide resistance and environmental pollution. Aedes albopictus is a major vector of dengue virus in the Punjab province, Pakistan. Control of Ae. albopictus with insecticides along with source eradication is critical in the prevention and control of dengue fever but is threatened by the development of insecticide resistance. Here, field strains of Ae. albopictus from eight cities of Punjab were evaluated for resistance against temephos, deltamethrin and permethrin. For temephos, high resistance (RRLC50 > tenfold) was found in larvae of the Rawalpindi strain, moderate resistance (RRLC50 = five- to tenfold) in Multan, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Lahore and Sheikhupura strains, and low resistance (RRLC50 < fivefold) in Kasur and Sahiwal strains. In the case of deltamethrin, high resistance was seen in adults of the strain from Faisalabad, moderate resistance in the strains from Sialkot, Sheikhupura, Lahore and Kasur, and low resistance in Sahiwal, Multan and Rawalpindi strains. For permethrin, adults of all the field strains exhibited high levels of resistance. In synergism bioassays, toxicity of all the insecticides in the field strains significantly enhanced when tested in combination with piperonyl butoxide or S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate, suggesting the probability of metabolic-based mechanisms of resistance. In conclusion, field strains of Ae. albopictus from Punjab exhibit resistance to temephos, deltamethrin and permethrin, which might be associated with metabolic mechanisms of resistance.
Highlights
The widespread use of insecticides has ecological consequences such as emergence of insecticide resistance and environmental pollution
The results revealed the highest susceptibility of the reference strain (Ref-S) strain to deltamethrin and permethrin with KC50 values 1.42 and 0.60 μg/ml, respectively
Control failure of insect pests due to insecticide resistance often results in high dosage of insecticides, which pollute the environment[17,18]
Summary
The widespread use of insecticides has ecological consequences such as emergence of insecticide resistance and environmental pollution. Aedes albopictus is a major vector of dengue virus in the Punjab province, Pakistan. Control of Ae. albopictus with insecticides along with source eradication is critical in the prevention and control of dengue fever but is threatened by the development of insecticide resistance. Field strains of Ae. albopictus from eight cities of Punjab were evaluated for resistance against temephos, deltamethrin and permethrin. Of different arboviral-diseases, dengue fever has been considered as one of the most rapidly spreading diseases in the world with an estimate of 3.9 billion people in different countries at risk[3] This disease has affected different regions of Pakistan. Aedes albopictus is one of the major vectors of dengue virus in Pakistan having wide distribution in different parts of the country. Collection site Water cooler, tires Discarded small containers, flower pots, water air cooler Flower pots, tree holes, irrigation channel Tree holes, water air cooler Tree holes, flower pots Tree holes, tires, water air cooler Tree holes, irrigation channel, water air cooler Tree holes, flower pots
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