Resistance selection and mechanisms of oriental tobacco budworm (Helicoverpa assulta Guenee) to indoxacarb

Abstract

The oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, is one of the most destructive pests for numerous commercial crops, and these organisms are responsible for enormous economic losses in Chinese agriculture. Insect larvae often feed within host plant fruits, providing protection from many currently used insecticides and making field control of H. assulta very difficult. Owing to its novel mode of action, high insecticidal activity, and low mammalian toxicity, the nonsystemic insecticide indoxacarb has been considered a promising alternative for the control of lepidopterous pests of agricultural significance. Indoxacarb evidences an elevated insecticidal activity against H. assulta. After 13 generations of selection with indoxacarb and bifenthrin insecticides under laboratory conditions, the LC50 of these compounds for H. assulta increased by 4.19-fold and 10.67-fold, respectively. The synergists diethyl maleate (DEM) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) increased indoxacarb toxicity by 2.76-fold and 4.10-fold in resistant strains and, comparatively, 1.58-fold and 1.75-fold in susceptible strains, suggesting that carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) may be involved in the development of indoxacarb resistance in H. assulta. Activity and kinetic parameters observed in detoxification enzymes further demonstrated that the enhanced activity of CarE and GSTs may be critical in development of indoxacarb resistance in H. assulta. The data provides a foundation for further study of the indoxacarb resistance mechanism observed in H. assulta and the rational use of indoxacarb as a rotation insecticide with other insecticide classes for the control of H. assulta.