Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is extremely affected by several abiotic and biotic stresses. Drought and/or heat alongside the parasitism of cereal cyst nematodes of the Heterodera genera can have a combined destructive impact on wheat. Solely, the cereal cyst nematode species Heterodera filipjevi can cause wheat yield losses of up to 50%. Several control measures have been implemented, yet, the most economical and convenient control strategy is the use of resistant hosts. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the resistant response of 257 spring wheat lines obtained from CIMMYT to Heterodera filipjevi that might contain novel sources of resistance and be added as genetic resources for future breeding programs. Also, provide a base for future research to understand the relationship between nematode resistances and drought and heat tolerance. The results indicated that 11 lines (4%) and 36 lines (14%) were resistant and moderately resistant, respectively. High frequency of susceptible and highly susceptible lines and low frequency of resistant lines within this set were also recorded. The linear regression analysis between the number of cysts formed and the resistance response grouping showed a strong, positive, linear correlation. Log-linear regression analysis showed that there is a weak positive correlation between the yield of heat tolerant wheat lines and their resistance to the cyst nematodes as these lines showed tolerance, while there was a weak negative correlation of formed cyst nematodes on the yield of drought tolerant lines. This study was able to add new genetic sources of resistance to Heterodera filipjevi for upcoming breeding programs.
Highlights
A set of 257 spring wheat lines originated from various countries were obtained from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico (Supplementary Table 1)
The results of the screening evaluation of the 257 spring wheat lines showed that 11 lines (4.28%) were resistant, 36 lines (14%) were moderately resistant, 72 lines (28.02%) were moderately susceptible, 79 lines (30.74%) were susceptible and 59 lines (22.96%) were highly susceptible, as shown in Figure 1 which indicates a high frequency of susceptible and highly susceptible lines and low frequency of resistant lines within this set of drought and heat tolerant lines and represents a histogram distribution of the mean number of cysts formed on the root systems and estimated kernel density plot of the mean number of cysts formed per plant
The data points to a strong, positive, linear correlation between the number of cysts and females formed and the resistance response grouping (Figure 2), which shows that the increase of the number of cysts formed leads to the categorization of the wheat lines from resistant to highly susceptible
Summary
A set of 257 spring wheat lines originated from various countries were obtained from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico (Supplementary Table 1). This set has been screened and genotyped for drought and heat tolerance traits by CIMMYT–Mexico. The set was tested for the cereal cyst nematodes at the Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute (TZARI) in Eskisehir, Turkey (39° 46' 1.2612" N, 30° 24' 10.8282" E) and has been repeated in two independent experiments. Four well-known check lines for their resistance response were used as reference: 2 susceptible cultivars (Bezostaya and Kutluk-94) and 2 moderate resistant cultivars (Katea-1 and Sonmez-2001).
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