Resistance of the fish-killing dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides against algicidal bacteria isolated from the coastal sea of Japan

Abstract

Noxious red tides of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides tend to be long lasting and cause mass mortalities of cultured and natural fish and invertebrates along the western coast of Japan and the southern coast of Korea. In order to assess the tolerance of C. polykrikoides to attack by algicidal bacteria, the effects of algicidal bacteria strains on the growth of three C. polykrikoides strains were examined in laboratory culture experiments. Algicidal bacteria used were two strains of Cytophaga (J18/M01 and AA8-2, direct attack type and wide prey range), three strains of Alteromonas (S, K, D) and one strain of Pseudoalteromonas (R, indirect attack type), which were all isolated by using Chattonella antiqua as a prey organism. Neither Cytophaga strain showed any algicidal activity. In the cases of Alteromonas and Pseudoalteromonas, some cultures of C. polykrikoides were killed, but at least 10 days or more were required for the death of this dinoflagellate. C. polykrikoides survived in the presence of algicidal bacteria in concentrations up to 10 6–10 7 cells ml −1, which is enough for other red tide microalgae to be killed. On the contrary, the algicidal effects of bacteria on C. antiqua were detected clearly within a few days. These results imply that C. polykrikoides is resistant to the six algicidal bacteria examined, which may reflect the capacity for mixotrophy. This resistance of C. polykrikoides to algicidal bacteria could provide a selective advantage for survival compared to other microalgae susceptible to attack by algicidal bacteria and hence prolong red tides caused by this harmful dinoflagellate.