Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics has created a turning point in medical interventions to pathogenic infections, but unfortunately, each discovery was consistently followed by the emergence of resistance. The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria has generated a great challenge to treat infections caused by bacteria with the available antibiotics. Today, research is active in finding new treatments for multidrug-resistant pathogens. In a step to guide the efforts, the WHO has published a list of the most dangerous bacteria that are resistant to current treatments and requires the development of new antibiotics for combating the resistance. Among the list are various Gram-positive bacteria that are responsible for serious healthcare and community-associated infections. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae are of particular concern. The resistance of bacteria is an evolving phenomenon that arises from genetic mutations and/or acquired genomes. Thus, antimicrobial resistance demands continuous efforts to create strategies to combat this problem and optimize the use of antibiotics. This article aims to provide a review of the most critical resistant Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, their mechanisms of resistance, and the new treatments and approaches reported to circumvent this problem.
Highlights
Alongside the discovery of antibiotics, resistance was always acknowledged and continuously developed
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae are of particular concern
In 1959, celbenin or currently called methicillin semisynthetic penicillin was developed to counteract a bacterial resistance mechanism, but in 1961 the first methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain counteract a bacterial resistance mechanism, but in 1961 the first methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain was identified in the UK and was found to be resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics including cephalosporins was identified in the UK and was found to be resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics including and carbapenems. and resistance is due the production anthe additional
Summary
Alongside the discovery of antibiotics, resistance was always acknowledged and continuously developed. The World Health Organization (WHO) published a global priority pathogens list and categorized them as critical, high, and medium antibiotic-resistant bacteria that urgently need research and development of new treatments. Among these pathogens, Gram-positive bacteria which can cause serious infections and are considered a major concern and a health care problem, especially multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), and β-lactamase-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia [3,4]. The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria (illustrated in Figure 1) differs from that of Gram-negative in which it lacks the outer membrane and have a thick layer of PG that. Resistance occurs by inhibiting the last stage of cell wall synthesis. Its antimicrobial activity [20]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
