Abstract
Simple SummaryThe moth larvae are among the most damaging pest species on crops worldwide. In this review, we focus on the genus Spodoptera, which can feed on many crops such as rice, cotton or corn. The massive use of insecticides to control these insects has led to the development of resistance. Here, we aim to compare the resistance mechanisms of four species (Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera littoralis and Spodoptera litura) and highlight the role of enzymes and transporters in resistance to help us understand the molecular basis of their origin.The genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) includes species that are among the most important crop pests in the world. These polyphagous species are able to feed on many plants, including corn, rice and cotton. In addition to their ability to adapt to toxic compounds produced by plants, they have developed resistance to the chemical insecticides used for their control. One of the main mechanisms developed by insects to become resistant involves detoxification enzymes. In this review, we illustrate some examples of the role of major families of detoxification enzymes such as cytochromes P450, carboxyl/cholinesterases, glutathione S-transferases (GST) and transporters such as ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in insecticide resistance. We compare available data for four species, Spodoptera exigua, S. frugiperda, S. littoralis and S. litura. Molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of these genes in resistance will be described, including the duplication of the CYP9A cluster, over-expression of GST epsilon or point mutations in acetylcholinesterase and ABCC2. This review is not intended to be exhaustive but to highlight the key roles of certain genes.
Highlights
The genus Spodoptera (Lepidotera: Noctuidae) contains some of the most important insect crop pests, many of which are highly polyphagous species, able to feed on more than 100 host plants including maize, rice, cotton (e.g., Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) [1])
This review highlights some examples that demonstrate the involvement of each of the four families of detoxification genes (P450, CCE, glutathione S-transferases (GST) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC)) in insecticide resistance and the molecular mechanisms identified for pests of the genus Spodoptera
In S. frugiperda, obtaining the chromosomally resolved genome of the maize strain helped identify 14 CYP9A genes, 12 of which were in a cluster (Figure 1), i.e., three more than the nine genes previously identified in the BAC study, whereas 15 genes were identified in Insects 2021, 12, x FOR PEER REthVIeEWrice strain
Summary
The genus Spodoptera (Lepidotera: Noctuidae) contains some of the most important insect crop pests, many of which are highly polyphagous species, able to feed on more than 100 host plants including maize, rice, cotton (e.g., Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) [1]). The authors showed that the resistance was mainly due to the overexpression of a P450, CYP321A8, a P450 capable of metabolizing chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and deltamethrin This overexpression is due to both constitutive overexpression of the transcription factors Cap’n’collar isoform C (CncC) and Maf (Muscle aponeurosis fibromatosis, trans-regulation), major regulators of detoxification in insects [12], and to a mutation in the promoter of this P450. This review highlights some examples that demonstrate the involvement of each of the four families of detoxification genes (P450, CCE, GST and ABC) in insecticide resistance and the molecular mechanisms identified for pests of the genus Spodoptera. Bifenthrine (#33), cyfluthrin (#12), cyfluthrin-beta (#9), cyhalothrin (#3), cyhalothrin-lambda (#11), cypermethrin (#49), cypermethrin-beta (#15), deltamethrin (#50), esfenvalerate (#9), fenpropathrin (#10), fenvalerate (#7), pyrethrins
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