Abstract
Observations of interspecies interactions during volcanic activity provide important opportunities to study how organisms respond to environmental devastation. Japanese camellia (Camellia japonica L.) and its main avian pollinator, the Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonica), offer an excellent example of such an interaction as key members of the biotic community on Miyake-jima, which erupted in 2000 and continues to emit volcanic gases. Both species exhibit higher resistance to volcanic damage than other species. We examined the effects of volcanic activity on this plant–pollinator system by estimating pollen flow and the genetic diversity of the next generation. The results showed that despite a decrease in Camellia flowers, the partitioning of allelic richness among mother-tree pollen pools and seeds decreased while the migration rate of pollen from outside the study plot and the pollen donor diversity within a fruit increased as the index of volcanic damage increased. In areas with low food (flower) density due to volcanic damage, Z. japonica ranged over larger areas to satisfy its energy needs rather than moving to areas with higher food density. Consequently, the genetic diversity of the seeds (the next plant generation) increased with the index of volcanic damage. The results were consistent with previously published data on the movement of Z. japonica based on radio tracking and the genetic diversity of Camellia pollen adhering to pollinators. Overall, our results indicated that compensation mechanisms ensured better pollination after volcanic disturbance.
Highlights
The periods during any volcanic activity provide important opportunities to study how organisms respond to environmental devastation
We examined the effects of volcanism on pollen movement and on future plant generations by comparing the genetic diversity of seeds among sites with different levels of damage and flower densities caused by volcanic activity
We hypothesised that the resilient relationship between C. japonica and Z. japonica was important in maintaining the pollination system on this volcanic island, even in severely damaged areas, and lead to further bio-interactions
Summary
The periods during any volcanic activity provide important opportunities to study how organisms respond to environmental devastation. Previous ecological studies on volcanic islands have mainly examined colonisation and primary succession of plant communities [1,2,3,4,5,6], but few studies have elucidated the recovery processes of late climax forest communities [7] with various symbiotic species interactions. We surveyed ecological processes and the consequences of several subsystems of biological communities on a volcanic island, Miyake-jima, Japan, which experienced an eruption in summer 2000. To study an example maintenance mechanism in this community, we examined the effects of volcanic activity on pollen flow and reproduction of the common broad-leaved evergreen tree species, Japanese camellia (Camellia japonica L., Theaceae), mediated by pollinating birds. On Miyake-jima, C. japonica and Z. japonica are the most important members of their temperate forest during natural recovery. The avian population in general decreased greatly in response to reduced forest vegetation, but avian populations recovered throughout the winter once the emissions of volcanic ash and SO2 decreased; this was especially the case for Z. japonica and Cettia diphone (Cettidae) [12]
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