Abstract
Unexpected natural disasters or physical attacks can have various consequences, including extensive and prolonged blackouts on power systems. Energy systems should be resistant to unwanted events, and their performance is not easily affected by such conditions. The power system should also have sufficient flexibility to adapt to severe disturbances without losing its full version; it should restore itself immediately after resolving the disturbance. This critical feature of the behavior of infrastructure systems in power grids is called resilience. In this paper, the concepts related to resilience in the power system against severe disturbance are explained. The resilience and evaluation process components are introduced; then, an optimal design of resilient substations in the Noorabad city distribution grid against physical attack is presented. This research proposes an optimal solution for simultaneously allocating the feeder routing issue and substation facilities and finding the models of installed conductors and economic hardening of power lines due to unexpected physical attacks on vital urban operational infrastructure. The values of distribution networks are calculated using the grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm to solve the problem of designing an optimal distribution network scheme (ODNS) and optimal resilient distribution network scheme (ORDNS). Obtained results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed resiliency-cost-based optimization approach.
Highlights
The optimal distribution network design is done for two modes: optimal conventional distribution network scheme (ODNS) and optimal resilient distribution network scheme (ORDNS)
The results demonstrate the proposed method’s effectiveness, which leads to a proper network structure from a technical point of view, reliability, and resilience
A power system should be designed to be resistant to different unexpected events, such as natural disasters or cyber or physical attacks with high-impact low-probability (HILP) effects on the network’s stability
Summary
A. BACKGROUND Today’s society heavily depends on services provided by the power grid infrastructure. These networks often lose their ability to provide services because of damage to network equipment. The security of power systems is recognized as a global challenge closely linked to society’s stability and. It has always been one priority of different authorities, organizations, and social institutions at different levels. High-Impact LowProbability (HILP) accidents of occurrences have increased concerns about the usual reliability and resilience-oriented approach [1]–[5]. The power system is expected to be far more resilient to HILP events.
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