Resilience-oriented scheduling of DC microgrid considering participation in the automatic frequency regulation reserves market

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Maintaining uninterrupted supply to critical loads within a DC microgrid (DCμG) with minimal curtailment of flexible and moderate loads after an extreme event is challenging. In this context, this paper proposes a resilience-oriented energy management scheme (EMS) for an electricity-Hydrogen (H2) DCμG considering participation of the DCμG in the automatic frequency restoration reserve (aFRR) market. The DCμG works in grid-connected mode during normal operation and switches to island operation after an extreme event to minimize damage propagation. DCμG network and equipment-level operating constraints are formulated incorporating the effect of aFRR market participation and coordinated with the EMS scheme. The problem is formulated in the convex model predictive control (MPC) framework using a receding horizon, in which three operating periods, normal, proactive preparation, and emergency, are considered. Economical operation is achieved during normal operation, while during proactive preparation, the DCμG operator (DCμGO) economically prepares for the imminent extreme event to meet the criticality criterion of resilient operation. The emergency period starts after the extreme event, and the objective is to supply all critical loads with minimal curtailment of moderate and flexible demands. We have used a Copula-embedded Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) framework for modelling the uncertainty of input random variable (RV)s and their correlations. Simulation studies validate the veracity of the proposed approach on a six-bus test DCμG system. Simulation results indicate that participation in the aFRR market increases the profit by ∼30.5%, and resilience-oriented scheduling reduces curtailment costs by ∼16.72% during emergency periods.