Abstract
Aim: Resilience refers to the human ability to adapt to tragedy, trauma, adversity, and significant stressors. Recently, resilience has been defined as a potentially modifiable factor that can be improved through intervention. Here, we examined resilience during a 3-month period as patients experienced their first episode of major depressive disorder (MDD). We hypothesized that despite MDD, resilient people could recover from depressive states more quickly than less resilient people. Methods: Twelve patients experienced their first MDD episode and 21 healthy control individuals participated in the study. Data from the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), S-H Resilience Scale (S-HRS), and State-Trait Anxiety Index (STAI) were collected at two time points. Time 1 was the first visit after registration and Time 2 was 12 weeks later. Based on the symptoms described by the HAM-D results, the MDD group was divided into MDD-remission and MDD-residual subgroups. Results: Compared with controls, patients showed significantly lower resilience (low scores for Factor-A, Factor-B, and total S-HRS). Moreover, total SHRS scores for the MDD-remission group increased significantly from the Time 1 to Time 2, while those in MDD-residual group did not change. No significant differences in STAI scores were observed between MDD-remission and MDD-residual groups at either time point. Conclusion: This is the first report to show that patients experiencing their first episode of MDD show low resilience, and that a resilience scale might be a good index for estimating recovery from depression.
Highlights
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by mood disturbances and can present as low mood, loss of pleasure, or irritability, and is one of the most frequent psychiatric disorders in the community and in psychiatric settings [1]
This is the first report to show that patients experiencing their first episode of major depressive disorder (MDD) show low resilience, and that a resilience scale might be a good index for estimating recovery from depression
Ten of the 12 patients completed the study, while two withdrew before completion. Those two patients did not appear at Time 2, their data for Time 1 were analyzed, which allowed us to compare differences of resilience between MDD patients and healthy control (HC) groups
Summary
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by mood disturbances and can present as low mood, loss of pleasure, or irritability, and is one of the most frequent psychiatric disorders in the community and in psychiatric settings [1]. Several studies have shown that MDD is a heterogeneous syndrome [3] [4] with many different presentations and possibly different risk factors for individual symptoms [5] [6]. Environmental factors, such as sexual, physical, or emotional abuse during childhood, as well as economic problems, are associated with the risk of developing MDD [7]. Personal traits are a key factor underlying this disorder For all these reasons, no established mechanism can explain all aspects of the disease
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