Resilience Engineering as Part of Security Research: Definitions, Concepts and Science Approaches

Towards understanding work-as-done in air traffic management safety assessment and design

THE increase of traffic density and typology of airspace users and aircraft operations increases the complexity of the current Air Traffic Management system and of its performance, and may lead to significant performance reductions in the presence of unexpected events. After the occurrence of an unexpected event, the analysis of Key Performance Area, such as capacity, efficiency, etc., and shortfalls in their related Key Performance Indicators at local, regional or network wide levels were made selecting the alternative scenarios and comparing them to the planned situation with normal operations. This relies on the working relationship and processes between air transportation network managers and operational Stakeholders especially during the anticipating, reacting and management phases strongly depending on their reactions to mitigate the impact on the system, and to optimize resilience in sector groups based upon the current Air Traffic Management activities. This paper describes an approach to resilience analysis in crisis scenarios, starting from the concept of Resilience Engineering and related metrics in Air Traffic Management system adopted in SESAR WPE2.21 SAFECORAM (Sharing of Authority in Failure/Emergency Condition for Resilience of Air traffic Management) project.

These proceedings document the various presentations at the Fourth Resilience Engineering Symposium held on June 8-10, 2011, in Sophia-Antipolis, France. The Symposium gathered participants from five continents and provided them with a forum to exchange experiences and problems, and to learn about Resilience Engineering from the latest scientific achievements to recent practical applications. The First Resilience Engineering Symposium was held in Söderköping, Sweden, on October 25-29 2004. The Second Resilience Engineering Symposium was held in Juan-les-Pins, France, on November 8-10 2006, The Third Resilience Engineering Symposium was held in Juan-les-Pins, France, on October 28-30 2008. Since the first Symposium, resilience engineering has fast become recognised as a valuable complement to the established approaches to safety. Both industry and academia have recognised that resilience engineering offers valuable conceptual and practical basis that can be used to attack the problems of interconnectedness and intractability of complex socio-technical systems. The concepts and principles of resilience engineering have been tested and refined by applications in such fields as air traffic management, offshore production, patient safety, and commercial fishing. Continued work has also made it clear that resilience is neither limited to handling threats and disturbances, nor confined to situations where something can go wrong. Today, resilience is understood as the intrinsic ability of a system to adjust its functioning prior to, during, or following changes and disturbances, so that it can sustain required operations under both expected and unexpected conditions. This definition emphasizes the ability to continue functioning, rather than simply to react and recover from disturbances and the ability to deal with diverse conditions of functioning, expected as well as unexpected. For anyone who is interested in learning more about Resilience Engineering, the books published in the Ashgate Studies in Resilience Engineering provide an excellent starting point. Another sign that Resilience Engineering is coming of age is the establishment of the Resilience Engineering Association. The goal of this association is to provide a forum for coordination and exchange of experiences, by bringing together researchers and professionals working in the Resilience Engineering domain and organisations applying or willing to apply Resilience Engineering principles in their operations. The Resilience Engineering Association held its first General Assembly during the Fourth Symposium, and will in the future play an active role in the organisation of symposia and other activities related to Resilience Engineering.

Introduction: Irreparable accidents, occupational diseases, and damage to the environment occur annually in the cement industry. Therefore, to minimize the risks, pay attention to the health of employees, and protect the environment, this study was conducted with the aim of “investigating the status of HSEE management system and resilience engineering in the cement industry".
 Method: This was a descriptive study with the participation of 182 employees from a cement industry in Iran. They were selected according to random sampling and Cochran's formula. For this purpose, resilience engineering and HSEE questionnaire were reviewed and localized according to the studies and opinions of HSE and cement industry experts. Then, the status of HSEE management system and resilience engineering was reviewed. All analyzes were performed by one-sample t-test method using SPSS version 18 software.
 Results: The results of this study indicated that the average of dimensions of resilience engineering and the dimensions of health, safety, environment, and ergonomics management system are lower than the standard score. Moreover, reporting has the highest average (4.72) among the dimensions of resilience engineering and the environment has the highest average (4.76) among the dimensions of the HSEE management system. 
 Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that by examining the status of resilience engineering and HSEE management system, authorities can improve the performance of HSE management system using the concept of resilience engineering .This is done with proper planning of resilience engineering indicators to strengthen the performance of HSE management system. To improve the level of resilience, every effort should be made to change the horizons of senior management in order to value HSE issues and accept them as a value in the organization.

This chapter raises issues and ideas for exploring resilience, stemming from various research disciplines, projected on the domain of air traffic management and aviation at interconnected system levels. Attempts are made to connect micro, meso, and macro levels in the aviation sector identifying corresponding research challenges. Examples of this ongoing research are given on how theory has already been translated into practical methodological use. Some connections between foci from Resilience Engineering, Disaster Resilience, and other research disciplines are projected on the air traffic management domain to explore how practical benefits can be obtained from these theories and which aspects of operational practice these theories connect to. The chapter shows that the concept of resilience from various research disciplines has a potentially wide application to system levels of air traffic management, and suggests resilience to be addressed from an interconnected systems perspective to provide added value to operations.

Unexpected failures of physical assets are a primary operational risk to asset-intensive organisations. Managing these unexpected failures is essential for reliable performance. The main railway operator in the Netherlands expects more unexpected failures as a result of the introduction of new rolling stock in an already highly utilised railway system. One of the challenges of maintenance management is to determine if the current corrective maintenance system has the capabilities to cope with an increase of unexpected defects of rolling stock in the upcoming years or that further improvements are required. In the last decade, Resilience Engineering has emerged as a new paradigm in a number of high-risk sectors to detect and respond to unexpected events effectively. Attempts to apply this concept outside these sectors have so far been limited. The main purpose of this study is to explore the applicability of Resilience Engineering in the field of rolling stock maintenance by assessing the potential for resilient performance using an in-depth case study. A comparison between the characteristics of corrective maintenance and emergency healthcare showed that the studied contexts are highly comparable which suggests that the concept of Resilience Engineering may also apply to corrective maintenance of rolling stock. This study contributes to theory by replicating and adapting Resilience Engineering for corrective maintenance of rolling stock and provides maintenance practitioners guidance on how to measure current resilience and identify improvement areas.

This paper will explore the concept of resilience from its roots in ecology to the application of this ecological concept of resilience to social and community resilience in the context of climate change. In this context, resilience is seen as a property of complex adaptive communities rather than of individuals. This paper will explore how this ecological concept of resilience has been taken up both by climate adaptation research and by the Transition Town movement. This ecological concept of resilience is at odds with the individualism of both psychological and economic approaches to resilience in relation to climate change.

This study delves into the realm of Air Traffic Management (ATM) and its criticality in ensuring the safety and resilience of aviation systems. Traditionally, safety has been approached reactively (Safety I), but with the complexities of socio-technical systems like ATM, a shift towards proactive measures is essential. This research explores Resilience Engineering (RE) and Safety II, emphasizing learning from a system’s adaptability in everyday situations. ATM, a multifaceted system, relies on technology, organization, and human interactions, striving to maintain equilibrium among these pillars for safe and efficient operations. Any changes to these elements can disrupt this balance, necessitating a systemic perspective. Safety in ATM depends on resource availability, timeliness, and coordination among organizations and humans, while resilient performance extends safety beyond the expected operating conditions. To unify safety and resilience, this study introduces the Safety Resilience-Bayesian Network (SR-BBN) model. This model integrates data-driven and knowledge-based approaches, categorizing variables into separations, external factors, nominal conditions, and Air Traffic Controller (ATCO) strategies. The SR-BBN model aids in predicting safety outcomes and identifies influential variables.

A new resilient risk management model for Offshore Wind Turbine maintenance

Beyond procedures: Team reflection in a rail control centre to enhance resilience

Information technology (IT) systems are known to promote improvements in quality and productivity of the work environments of complex and adaptive socio-technical systems that span hardware, community and software aspects. Systems development lies in eliciting and specifying requirements. However, current requirements of elicitation techniques are limited to correctly understanding the complexity involved in socio-technical systems. Therefore, approaches based on Resilience Engineering can provide concepts and methods for a better understanding of socio-technical systems’ functioning. This study aims to increase the application of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) in the requirements elicitation process. Specifically, understanding variability and its role in enhancing the requirements elicitation and specification process for the design/redesign of IT systems in complex socio-technical systems deployed in building maintenance is the main goal. This study proposes the merging of human factors and ergonomics (HFE) and Resilience Engineering concepts with Software Engineering. A case study was performed with workers to produce requirements specifications for work order issuing activity. This case study indicates the usefulness of the proposed approach for the specification of functional requirements to redesign the IT system examined. FRAM enables inferences to be made from hidden or fuzzy situations that are often not expressed by system users or are not detected by the system designer.

The purpose of engineering ethics education is to understand the effects and impacts of technology on society and nature and the responsibilities that engineers have to fulfill for society. There are many cases used in the educational method for students to understand the problems surrounding the engineers. However, most of the cases correspond to event scenarios where engineers have failed to maintain safety. Resilience engineering was born from the criticism of safety measures for the purpose of preventing recurrence by seeking human error and organizational culture as the cause of accidents in the field of ergonomics. Its features are that people are considered as beings that realize safety in dangerous systems, and that they focus on good practices. This paper describes the improvement of engineering ethics education by utilizing resilience engineering concept.

With the change of enterprise platforms to add more automation and intelligence, the systems experience new operational risks, including decision instability, data drift, and more system breakdowns. This paper discusses how resilience engineering concepts can be applied to intelligent enterprise systems, and a model is introduced that can be used to improve system reliability in the context of increasing complexity. The architectural strategies suggested focus on the fault containment, graceful degradation, and recoverability. The main attributes of the framework are decoupling of learning and optimization elements with implementation paths and the addition of safety nets such as limited autonomy, back-up logic and controlled shutdown. The way that intelligence is conceptualized as an ability that is controlled and not a necessity helps to guarantee the platform stability and reliability even during the time of uncertainty and operational pressure. The article will be applicable in developing enterprise platforms capable of supporting performance and reliability as automation and complexity keeps on growing as it gives a blueprint on the resilient enterprise architecture of tomorrow

Vulnerability has been discussed in various situations, including regional management policy. The global economic crisis has caused much confusion, with events such as the Lehman shock, the destructive influence of natural disasters, and so on; the concept of resilience is said to be effective in absorbing these shocks in a flexible manner. The aim of this chapter is to determine how to build resilience in individuals and organisations working on various tasks; examples of how to enhance resilience will be examined. The first two sections provide an overview of the transition of concepts as applicable to multiple fields, as resilience concepts are used in various fields. These concepts are based on the two aspects of continuity and recovery when facing environmental changes. The third section presents specific examples of resilience. The paper discusses reports of the recovery process from disasters; regions rich in social capital recovered from the crisis efficiently and effectively through collaborative work and activities. In other words, social capital is a recovery engine. The concept of Resilience Engineering is becoming more sophisticated through its application to fields requiring improved safety measures, including air traffic control and medical safety. The fourth section details the act of building resilience. The chapter concludes by summarizing that individuals and organisations need to build resilience, predict the extent of the impact on the environmental change in advance, and cope with actions to minimize the impact of the disaster. It is necessary to prepare a recovery plan to overcome such influences.

This exploratory paper proposes a resilient engineering approach to construction safety that departs from traditional views. Accidents are commonly viewed as a linear combination of causes and risks are viewed as arising from unreliable system components such as operators and technology. Traditional risk assessment views model system safety mainly in terms of linear structures that are by nature reactive and based on hindsight. Additionally, current safety models tend to ignore the demands imposed upon projects such as production pressures and tempo changes in work flow. To remedy the shortfalls of construction safety mentioned above resilience engineering is presented as a new and proactive outlook on construction safety management. In this paper the genesis of the resilience engineering concept is examined and resilience engineering is posed as an exemplar for construction safety. An existing model that supports resilience engineering principles, the Functional Resonance Accident Model (FRAM), is examined in a construction scenario.