Abstract
BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has a detrimental effect on the health and well-being of health care workers (HCWs). The extent to which HCWs may differ in their experience of depression and anxiety is unclear, and longitudinal studies are lacking. The present study examined theorized differences in distress between resilient and non-resilient HCWs over time, as reported in a national online survey. We also examined possible differences in distress as a function of sex and doctoral-level status.MethodsA national sample responded to an online survey data that included the study measures. Of the HCWs who responded, 666 had useable data at the two time points. A longitudinal structural equation model tested an a priori model that specified the relationship of a resilient personality prototype to self-reported resilience, coping, depression and anxiety at both measurement occasions. Additional invariance models examined possible differences by sex and doctoral-level status.ResultsThe final model explained 46.4% of the variance in psychological distress at Time 1 and 69.1% at Time 2. A non-resilient personality prototype predicted greater depression and anxiety. A resilient personality prototype was predictive of and operated through self-reported resilience and less disengaged coping to effect lower distress. No effects were found for active coping, however. The final model was generally invariant by sex and HCWs status. Additional analyses revealed that non-doctoral level HCWs had significantly higher depression and anxiety than doctoral-level HCWs on both occasions.ConclusionsHCWs differ in their susceptibility to distress imposed by COVID-19. Those who are particularly vulnerable may have characteristics that contribute to a lower sense of confidence and efficacy in stressful situations, and more likely to rely on ineffective, disengaged coping behaviors that can exacerbate stress levels. Individual interventions and institutional policies may be implemented to support HCWs at risk.
Highlights
The COVID-19 pandemic has a detrimental effect on the health and well-being of health care workers (HCWs)
Analysis of indirect effects reveals that the resilient personality prototype operated through these two mediating factors - self-reported resilience and disengaged coping - to exert its effects on depression and anxiety
HCWs experience a disproportionate risk to their health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic
Summary
The COVID-19 pandemic has a detrimental effect on the health and well-being of health care workers (HCWs). Several recent reviews of the emerging literature of mental health issues among HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic observe a wide variation in the reported rates of depression (from 5 to 51%) and anxiety (14.5 to 44.6%) across studies, most of which are cross-sectional [6, 8,9,10]. Despite this variation, these reviews concur that nurses and other HCWs with direct, routine patient contact are more likely than physicians and other doctoral-level providers to report clinically significant levels of depression and anxiety, with women more at risk than men. The stressors imposed by the multiple role conflicts and inequities these women experience in managing their professional and personal responsibilities may contribute to their level of risk [13]
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