Abstract
Sparingly soluble organic contaminants (non-aqueous phase liquids or NAPLs) spread laterally at the interface between layers of differing permeability, in porous media, due to capillary forces. Less dense (than water) substances infiltrate and become trapped at the capillary fringe. More dense substances (dense non-aqueous phase liquids or DNAPLs) penetrate to and through the saturated zone after passing through the unsaturated zone. However, residual DNAPL remains trapped as discrete pendular, funicular and capillary bodies. A Model has been developed to estimate residual retentions in two-phase (DNAPL–water) systems under unsaturated (vadose zone) conditions, in the presence of air.
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