Abstract
Pulcherriminic acid is a cyclic dipeptide found mainly in Bacillus and yeast. Due to the ability of pulcherriminic acid to chelate Fe3+ to produce reddish brown pulcherrimin, microorganisms capable of synthesizing pulcherriminic acid compete with other microorganisms for environmental iron ions to achieve bacteriostatic effects. Therefore, studying the biosynthetic pathway and their enzymatic catalysis, gene regulation in the process of synthesis of pulcherriminic acid in Bacillus can facilitate the industrial production, and promote the wide application in food, agriculture and medicine industries. After initially discussing, this review summarizes current research on the synthesis of pulcherriminic acid by Bacillus, which includes the crystallization of key enzymes, molecular catalytic mechanisms, regulation of synthetic pathways, and methods to improve efficiency in synthesizing pulcherriminic acid and its precursors. Finally, possible applications of pulcherriminic acid in the fermented food, such as Chinese Baijiu, applying combinatorial biosynthesis will be summarized.
Highlights
Pulcherriminic acid is derived from cyclo (L-Leu-L-Leu), a cyclic dipeptide synthesized by Bacillus and yeast [1,2,3]
YvmC is a key enzyme for the synthesis of cLL, which is a precursor of pulcherriminic acid, so in-depth research on YvmC will help to increase the yield of pulcherriminic acid and to promote its industrial production
With the development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, biological elements from different sources are introduced into target strains to reconstruct the synthesis pathway of pulcherriminic acid, realize the heterologous expression of YvmC and CypX, the regulatory mechanism of YvnA, there was no excessive production of protic acid to affect the cell’s own growth [68]
Summary
Pulcherriminic acid is derived from cyclo (L-Leu-L-Leu) (cLL), a cyclic dipeptide synthesized by Bacillus and yeast [1,2,3]. Leucine (Leu) is a precursor of pulcherriminic acid (Figure 2I), which is acetohydroxyacid synthase (IlvBH), dihydroxy acid dehydratase and keto acid reductase P450 oxidase (CypX) that was expressed by the cytochrome P450 synthesis gene cypX downstream the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter (YvmA) transported pulcherriminic acid out of the of the CDPSs gene yvmC, the formed cLL was oxidized to form pulcherriminic acid (Figure 2I). Obviously bacteriostatic activity and couldmechanisms have great potential for applying in the fermented food, insecticides, fruit and vegetable fungicides, new pesticides, and other antibacterial drugs
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