Abstract
Rapid growth in the world’s economy depends on a significant increase in energy consumption. As is known, most of the present energy supply comes from coal, oil, and natural gas. The overreliance on fossil energy brings serious environmental problems in addition to the scarcity of energy. One of the most concerning environmental problems is the large contribution to global warming because of the massive discharge of CO2 in the burning of fossil fuels. Therefore, many efforts have been made to resolve such issues. Among them, the preparation of valuable fuels or chemicals from greenhouse gas (CO2) has attracted great attention because it has made a promising step toward simultaneously resolving the environment and energy problems. This article reviews the current progress in CO2 conversion via different strategies, including thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and photoelectrocatalysis. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, light-capturing agents including macrocycles with conjugated structures similar to chlorophyll have attracted increasing attention. Using such macrocycles as photosensitizers, photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, or coupling with enzymatic reactions were conducted to fulfill the conversion of CO2 with high efficiency and specificity. Recent progress in enzyme coupled to photocatalysis and enzyme coupled to photoelectrocatalysis were specially reviewed in this review. Additionally, the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of different conversion methods were also presented. We wish to provide certain constructive ideas for new investigators and deep insights into the research of CO2 conversion.
Highlights
Overreliance on fossil fuels have led to the discharge of more and more carbon dioxide (CO2 ) into the atmosphere accompanied with the rapid development of modern industry
Using an external electric field as energy source and water as the proton donor, various catalysts are applied to catalyze the reduction of energy source and water as the proton donor, various catalysts are applied to catalyze the reduction with thermocatalysis, the electrocatalytic conversion is a higher cost-effective method
In order to promote rapid charge transfer and improve the performance of photoelectrocatalysis, Ding and coauthors [92] patterned a photocathode through photolithography to expose a third of the surface, which is an effective and robust Si–Bi interface formed by Bi3+ -assisted chemical etching of Si wafers and completed the reduction of CO2
Summary
Overreliance on fossil fuels have led to the discharge of more and more carbon dioxide (CO2 ) into the atmosphere accompanied with the rapid development of modern industry This has resulted in serious environmental problems, including global warming and other related problems, such as rising sea levels, ocean acidification, ozone layer depletion, and extreme weather patterns [1]. It is CO is one of the most stable molecules in which carbon is in the highest valence state It is difficult2to have an electrophilic reaction because of its poor electron affinity. High pressure from a thermodynamic point of view To complete such a reaction, high temperature, high pressure environment, or highly efficient catalysts are typically required to provide the necessary energy.
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