Research Paper The relationship between children's outcomes in counselling and psychotherapy and attachment styles

Abstract

BackgroundAinsworth developed the four attachment styles by observing children in situations of distress, fear, and anxiety. These are the secure, avoidant (dismissive), anxious-ambivalent (preoccupied) and disorganised attachment styles. They can also be observed when children are in therapy.MethodThis literature review includes research that looks at the therapeutic outcomes of children with different attachment styles. I searched electronic databases, books and articles for relevant studies. They were then selected, thematically analysed and arranged in different themes and subthemes according to the research question.FindingsResults show how attachment styles influence the therapeutic process and the psychological health; also, the environment affects the attachment style. Children with an insecure attachment style often benefit from long-term therapy and are then able to have healthier and better relationships after the treatment. Research also shows that attachment styles are not rigid but rather fluid, flexible and include change.DiscussionThe relationship between children’s outcomes in counselling and psychotherapy and attachment styles is reviewed in this literature review. It entails new perspectives of children’s attachment styles and what their relationship is to the therapeutic process. This is crucial for therapists as it supports them in their work with children.