Abstract
The analysis of pigments on painted ceramics excavated from the Yangqiaopan Tombs of the late Western Han Dynasty was undertaken using optical microscopy (OM), micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-RS), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectra (FTIR). The pigments were identified as red lead (Pb3O4), carbon (C), malachite [Cu2CO3(OH)2], Chinese purple (BaCuSi2O6) and illite {[K,H3O]Al2Si3AlO10(OH)2}. Fibrous materials were observed in some pigment samples. When observed by SEM, one showed a large amount of fibre in solidified gum, which indicated that gum of ramie could have been used as the binding medium to make the pigment particles adhere together. These results provide significant insights into the characteristics of these pigments in the Qin and Han Dynasties.
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