Abstract
Under the guidance of modern environmental governance concepts, there have been profound changes in the subject, structure, and operational mechanism of the modern marine environmental governance in China. This paper first classifies the subjects of modern marine environmental governance in China, as well as their relationships; analyses the structural characteristics from the three levels of rights, society, and region; explores the operational mechanism; and builds the framework of the modern marine environmental governance system in China. Both the central and local governments act as the leaders of the modern marine environmental governance system in China, and there have been many new changes in their relationships. On the one hand, the interest and goals of the central and local governments have gradually converged under the pressure system. On the other hand, local governments follow the principles of comprehensive governance regarding the coastline and collaborative cooperation is gradually beginning to occur. Different governance subjects are interrelated and intertwined to form a complete modern marine environmental governance structure, which includes the following three levels: the governmental power structure; the social structure, which involves collaboration between multiple entities; and the regional structure, which involves land-sea coordination in environmental governance. These structures each play their parts in the overall process of the marine environmental governance’s institutional arrangements, process coordination, and feedback adjustments and ultimately constitute a dynamic and complete modern marine environmental governance operational system.
Highlights
Introduction iationsMarine environmental pollution is one of the most prominent environmental problems in China [1]
According to the top-down arrangement of the marine environmental governance system from the central government, the local governments are regulated as the subjects responsible for marine environmental governance, while the local ecological environment departments serve as the execution subjects, and the public and the environmental protection organizations serve as important participants, and these three subjects cooperate to implement the management of the marine environment
Combining the logical relationships between the governance subjects based on the role positioning of governance subjects and the perspective of stakeholders is an important prerequisite for establishing a modern, diversified and collaborative environmental governance system
Summary
Clarifying the relationships between the subjects of marine environmental governance is an important prerequisite for establishing a modern governance system with clear responsibilities and orderly coordination. The government has always played an important subject role, both in traditional marine environmental management and modern marine environmental governance, which is mainly related to the perception that the marine environment has public goods attributes [17,18]. The marine environmental governance enterprise subjects are mainly companies that participate in the reduction of marine environmental pollution and include a small number of companies directly engaged in marine environmental pollution control and marine environmental pollution supervision. For the former, the main manifestations of participating in environmental governance are the green transformation and upgrading of production methods and the conscious reduction of pollution emissions, which mainly depends on the government’s incentives and guidance. Several professional marine environmental protection social organizations have formed, such as the China Oceanographic Society, the “Blue Ribbon” Marine Conservation Association, and the Shenzhen Blue Marine Environmental Protection Association, but due to their late start, they still face various problems, such as incomplete management systems, imperfect legal systems, weak public foundations, single sources of funds and low professional levels [26,27]
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