Abstract
Traditional urban tunnel landscape design focuses on static conditions and neglects the influence of dynamic visual perception differences on the landscape effect that drivers experience under actual driving conditions. To optimize the design of tunnel landscapes both qualitatively and quantitatively, it is necessary to extract and analyze the landscape elements present in urban tunnel sections while considering dynamic visual perception. In the present study, a geometric visual region model was established by introducing the concept of equivalent radius based on the relationship between speed and visual changes. Three typical categories of tunnel landscape materials were collected using field surveys and video shooting methods. Geometric characteristics of landscape elements were extracted from pixelated dynamic visual images, resulting in evaluation indicators for these elements, and the element grades were determined using the Schroeder method. An analysis was conducted to identify the main landscape elements and their distinct characteristics in urban tunnels. Critical components that were examined included tunnel ceilings, sidewalls, road surfaces, and pedestrian walkway object marking. The distribution of these elements in terms of pixel area ratios was determined to be 29.7% for tunnel ceilings, 27.2% for sidewalls, 19.6% for road surfaces, and 4.9% for pedestrian walkway object marking. Optimizing these designs requires controlling unity and contrast in colour design as well as hierarchy, rhythm, proportionality, and unity in pattern design. The results from the field investigation, pixel extraction, and correlation coefficient analysis provide strong evidence supporting the correlation between the main landscape elements identified by the theoretical model. In fact, the correlation exceeds 50%, indicating a significant relationship between these elements. These findings validate the reasonableness of the theoretical model in achieving quantitative design for significant landscape areas and provide a solid foundation for establishing an evaluation index system for urban tunnel landscapes.
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