Research on Land Utilization Spatial Classification Planning Method Based on Multiocular Vision.

Spatial planning deals with the organization and regulation of space with the goal to improve the quality of life of its inhabitants. Spatial planning plays a vital role in land administration, encompassing land development, management, land use assessment, resource allocation, and environmental protection. The significance of integrating spatial-planning information into the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) framework has been recognized in the LADM second edition, Part 5, where a part for spatial plan information is introduced. The aim of this paper is to analyze the applicability of the LADM Part 5: Spatial Plan Information draft international standard to the Serbian spatial and urban planning system and to develop a country profile for Serbia in alignment with Serbian laws and regulations. An analysis of spatial and urban planning in Serbia will be performed, determining the hierarchy of spatial and urban plans based on an analysis of laws on spatial planning. The created conceptual model for spatial planning for Serbia based on the LADM Part 5: Spatial Plan Information will be harmonized with the previously created LADM country profile for Serbia.

Subject of study. Due to the complexity of planning processes and the interest of various parties and entities involved in spatial development and planning procedures, there is an obvious need to create a platform for managing information on spatial development planning. The aim of the study. The purpose of this article is to analyse the driving factors behind the creation of a platform (spatial planning geoportal), which should become a solution for managing, analysing and presenting spatial data related to spatial planning. This article integrates factors from urban regulatory detailed planning, land use planning, the entire life cycle of land management and construction project approval, unifies spatial data, and builds a spatial planning driver system (SPDS) by fusing data. Research methods. To realize the platform concept, we used one of the models used in system and software engineering, known as phased implementation. The concept includes a formal description of the platform’s functionality using a unified modelling language (UML), as well as the point of view of users and stakeholders. Results of work. The functionality of the platform related to spatial planning at the local level and local spatial development is shown. The spatial planning geoportal offered in this article is in line with the spatial planning reform and is intended to help in the implementation of spatial policy at both local and national levels. Based on the results of geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis for sites with under- or overdeveloped urban planning status, the spatial relationship between them and sites with low levels of development is analysed after taking into account the driving factors to identify the impact of the driving factors on urban spatial planning and development. All of this provides new ideas and new methods to help the government plan, control and manage urban development, and can contribute to improving the efficiency and quality of the spatial planning system in Ukraine, as well as in other areas such as local government management and regional planning.

The purpose of this article is to substantiate the conceptual foundations of organization territorial communities’ spatial planning in post-war Ukraine by GIS and providing an example of practical implementation these position for the territory of Lysyanska community the Cherkasy Region. The main material. The theoretical and methodological foundations of geoinformation support for organization territorial communities’ spatial planning in post-war Ukraine are considered, including consideration of essence and features the organization this type of work, analysis the experience of using GIS to solve spatial planning problems at the regional level, substantiation of structural components the system of geographic information support for organization territorial communities’ spatial planning, and the examples of practical implementation the theoretical developments for Lysyanska territorial community the Cherkasy Region. In general, geoinformation support for organization territorial communities’ spatial planning in Ukraine should be directed to the cartographic component of the relevant strategic and planning documents, primarily to the making of a comprehensive plan for spatial development of the territory as a mandatory component of land management documentation, where planning decisions for prospective using the community territory are cartographically visualized. Geoinformation support for organization territorial communities’ spatial planning in post-war Ukraine should cover the main components of spatial planning and land use management in the context of individual communities. Accordingly, in the structure of geographic information support system for spatial planning of an individual community, the following blocks are distinguished: general geographic, inventory and cadastral, land use monitoring/landscape change monitoring unit and territorial development planning block. The practical implementation of geographic information support for organization territorial communities’ spatial planning can be the creation of: 1) A comprehensive GIS product for community territory management; 2) A specialized GIS product aimed at solving certain spatial planning tasks, such as the making of a comprehensive, strategic plan for the development of the community territory; 3) Geoportal of the territorial community on the Internet; 4) Separate GIS projects containing a certain set of vector geodata and/or maps of structural components (blocks) of geographic information support system for territorial community, for example, a map of monitoring land use with a correlated geodata database The proposed theoretical propositions were tested on the territory of Lysyanska territorial community the Cherkasy Region by creating two separate GIS projects – GIS project of the general geographic block of geoinformation support for organization territorial communities’ spatial planning and GIS project of Lysyanska communities land fund for inventory and cadastral block. Conclusions and further research. Spatial planning of territorial communities in Ukraine, being an integral part of the formation of strategy for development these territorial units, the organization of rational use the available resources and formation of sustainable land use, acquires special importance during the post-war time due to the provision of greater financial revenues to local authorities under the conditions of decentralization. The practical implementation of the above requires prompt processing and analysis of numerous materials, including textual, graphic, cartographic both at the stage of collecting initial data on the territory of the community, and at the stage of analysis, modeling and management decision-making, which can be implemented through geographic information support. The system of geographic information support of spatial planning for individual community includes the following blocks: general geographic, inventory and cadastral, land use monitoring/landscape change monitoring unit and territorial development planning block, which generally provides systematization of available resources in the geodatabase form with the possibility of cartographic visualization in the form of strategic and planning documents. A promising area of research is the development of conceptual foundations for creating a mobile application on iOS and Android for visualization of the community’s territory geodatabase in formats for official and public use, including the geoportal form for public monitoring of the implementation of planning decisions and the state of land use.

In recent years the concept of industrial symbiosis has been recognized as one of the most effective principles of the circular economy, with a positive impact on the environment on one hand and contributing to economic benefit on the other. The major role of spatial planning is to guide and coordinate different interests in the physical space and direct them in accordance with spatial planning procedures and methods. In addition to engineering, spatial planning is also recognized as a political and governmental discipline, where physical space represents the “arena” for arrangements of different activities and actions. Spatial development plans represent the legal instruments enabling the development and integration of industrial symbiosis alongside other contemporary trends in cities. In Slovenia, the potentials of industrial symbiosis are recognized only on the national level as a development axis. However, there is a lack of integration of the concept into spatial development strategies, programs and plans on the regional and local level. The concept is developed only on the level of waste management, which is based on the recycling of general household waste and not based on the exchange of waste as raw material between different industries. The main aim of the paper is to develop a methodology for integrating industrial symbiosis into spatial development plans on the strategic level. Since the City of Ljubljana is highlighted as one of the drivers of the circular economy in Slovenia, the paper will present Ljubljana as a case study of the research. The methodology will be developed based on research of the relationships between industrial symbiosis and spatial development plans and analysis of spatial development strategies, programs and plans to find the potentials for integrating a new model, industrial symbiosis, into the spatial planning system in Slovenia, which could enable a platform for the development of the circular economy.

Spatial planning essentially involves the development and implementation of strategies and procedures to regulate land use and development in an attempt to manage and balance the numerous pressures placed upon land. Spatial planning can (or should) play an important role in addressing water issues. It is an established mechanism through which some of the river basin management challenges can be addressed. Such challenges are, for instance, flooding and aquatic pollution which are strongly influenced by the nature and location of land use and the changes in that use. However, spatial planning traditions and spatial planning systems within the European Union are diverse. There is no such thing as the common spatial planning system for Europe. In this chapter an analysis is made of how different spatial planning styles in Europe connect to river basin management. From this analysis it appears that especially the style of spatial planning and flexibility in administrative procedures determine whether and how spatial planning can contribute to river basin management. However, there is not one clear preferable spatial planning tradition or type of planning system that has an optimal fit with river basin management. The way the social-ecological systems approach is facilitated by the spatial planning style seems to be an important factor for the match with river basin management. The systems approach matches spatial planning with river basin management as it connects social and ecological systems, and the ecosystem services approach can further enable that connection. Stakeholder involvement, which is linked to area-related interests, addresses the needs and possibilities that will influence river basin management and implementation. The diversity of the spatial planning styles in Europe asks for adaptive and iterative planning in order to be able to implement the connection to river basin management. Adaptive and iterative planning fits well in traditions that rely on flexible organisational planning systems. The connection between spatial planning and river basin management can only be made in tailored processes. As the description of spatial planning traditions shows, countries often work along a ‘mix of traditions’; this gives the opportunity to take up the advantages of the different traditions in connecting spatial planning to river basin management.KeywordsEcosystem servicesLand use planningPlanning systemsPlanning traditionsRiver basin managementSpatial planning

<p>The Upstream Citarum watershed has a critical essential role in maintaining the quality and quantity of its water resources, which are a source of drinking water, agriculture, fisheries, irrigation, and electricity generation. The upstream watershed acts as a water catchment area that contributes as a place to accommodate the availability of water, especially during the dry season, and also as a protector of the entire area, both downstream and middle, so that the carrying capacity of the ecological balance can be protected. The increasing total population was inversely related to the condition of land use which is decreasing in quality, so to fulfill these needs, there was a land conversion that caused changes in land use. The Landsat-8 satellite imagery, SPOT 7, and spatial planning maps were used to analyze the suitability and incompatibility of land use with spatial pattern plans, evaluation, and directions for controlling the use of space. The result of the most extensive existing land use in the Upstream Citarum watershed in 2021 used for fields is 30% of the total area of 66,831.66 ha. Meanwhile, the spatial pattern plan was classified into protected and cultivated areas. The built-up area has the largest area, 35% or 75,223.96 ha. The results of the suitability of land use classes obtained that the level of suitability between the existing land use and the spatial pattern plan from the Maps of Regional Spatial Planning with the appropriate class was 52.50% or 96,205.43 ha, and the unsuitable class was 47.50% or 87,028.75 ha.</p>

This study investigates the incorporation of open source data into a Bayesian classification of urban land use from very high resolution (VHR) stereo satellite images. The adopted classification framework starts from urban land cover classification, proceeds to building-type characterization, and results in urban land use. For urban land cover classification, a preliminary classification distinguishes trees, grass, and shadow objects using a random forest at a fine segmentation level. Fuzzy decision trees derived from hierarchical Bayesian models separate buildings from other man-made objects at a coarse segmentation level, where an open street map provides prior building information. A Bayesian network classifier combining commonly used land use indicators and spatial arrangement is used for the urban land use classification. The experiments were conducted on GeoEye stereo images over Oklahoma City, USA. Experimental results showed that the urban land use classification using VHR stereo images performed better than that using a monoscopic VHR image, and the integration of open source data improved the final urban land use classification. Our results also show a way of transferring the adopted urban land use classification framework, developed for a specific urban area in China, to other urban areas. The study concludes that incorporating open source data by Bayesian analysis improves urban land use classification. Moreover, a pretrained convolutional neural network fine tuned on the UC Merced land use dataset offers a useful tool to extract additional information for urban land use classification.

Land use planning in an area will refer to the regulations that have been established by the City Planning Office of each region. This is because each region has the authority to plan spatial plans in their respective regions. The border area is an area whose land use can be influenced by two different regional regulations. This is because the border area is a special area located on the border between two regions, each of which has spatial planning regulations. Gayungan District is one of the sub-districts included in the Border Area between Surabaya City and Sidoarjo Regency. To prevent overlapping spatial regulations that may occur in Gayungan District, it is necessary to monitor the suitability of land use using geographic information system technology and remote sensing. The data used in this study are the 2019 Gayungan District RDTRK Map and very high resolution satellite imagery of Pleiades Surabaya City 2019. The method used is the Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) method. The result of this research is the suitability of land use in Gayungan District. A land use can be said to be suitable if the existing land use is in accordance with the land use in the plan. Meanwhile, land use is said to be inappropriate if the existing land use is different from the planned spatial use. All land use classes in Gayungan District in 2019 had a higher percentage of unsuitable land than the percentage of suitable land. Each percentage of land is not suitable for each land use class, namely: water body class by 92.593%, road class by 78.035%, industrial class by 77.838%, defense class by 76.706%, green open space class by 69.736%, and residential class by 52,27%. So it can be said that the land use in Gayungan District in 2019 was not in accordance with the plans in the City Spatial Detail Plan Map for 2018-2038, but the land use could be appropriate in its designation for the future, because there is a possibility of development for residential class, industrial class, and defense class on open land that is still widely available.

In Ghana, local governments (i.e. MMDAs) are responsible for the overall development of areas under their jurisdiction. As such, MMDAs are mandated to perform spatial planning functions. In Ghana’s three-tier spatial planning system, MMDAs have competences for local spatial planning. This chapter deals with local-level spatial planning in Ghana. It outlines the various policy instruments intended for use under the new spatial planning system to translate national and regional development policies to district-wide frameworks and subsequently to cities, towns, neighbourhoods and rural areas within the district. The contextual issues influencing planning and development management at the local level are identified to provide the context for the discussion of local spatial planning practices and challenges. In particular, the chapter examines the impact of the historical disconnect between national development planning and local land use planning prior to the establishment of the new spatial planning system; the complex indigenous landownership systems that spatial planning must grapple with; and the challenges posed by the existing institutional and legal structures established formally to mediate the separation between landownership rights on the one hand and the determination of land use and development control on the other hand. The gap between the established development management systems in normative terms as opposed to its functioning in practice is also examined. Based on the challenges of local spatial planning and development management identified, ways in which planning at this level could be made effective are identified.

This study analyzes the alignment of land use with the spatial planning pattern of the Regional Spatial Planning (RTRW) in Batang Regency, Central Java Province. The research utilizes the land use map of Batang Regency from 2021 and the Batang Regency spatial planning map for 2019-2039. The largest land use in Batang Regency is paddy fields, covering an area of 17,483.57 hectares or 20.39% of the total land area. The alignment analysis results reveal that 47,465.63 hectares or 55.36% of land use in Batang is consistent with the spatial planning pattern, 33,814.25 hectares or 39.44% is potentially consistent, and 4,462.25 hectares or 5.20% is not consistent with the spatial planning pattern or its designated purpose. The findings highlight the need for targeted policy interventions to enhance land use conformity with the spatial planning framework to promote sustainable development in Batang Regency.

Spatial planning is a public policy arrangement for land use allocation and spatial structure regulation. As a method used by the public sector to influence the spatial distribution of future activities, spatial planning has become an important method and basis for the Chinese government to perform its duties. In the process of its long-term development, China has formed a unique spatial planning system. Based on the perspective of evolution and comparison, this paper systematically reviews the evolution of China’s spatial planning system from “multi-plan division” to “multi-plan integration” under the inheritance of departments. The findings are as follows. ① China’s spatial planning has long presented a pattern of separate management by multiple departments, such as development and reform, construction, land, and environmental protection. The emergence and development of various types of planning is a necessary spatial governance tool for specific national conditions and major issues of land space development and protection in China. ② In the evolution process of more than half a century, the planning of various departments has gradually established, inherited, and continuously changed their own planning systems and control content; thus, China’s spatial planning has undergone a process of “planning absence–planning division–planning integration”. ③ The brand-new territorial spatial plan inherits the “three types” of control space, including land utilization master planning, urban and rural master planning, and ecological environment planning, and forms a set of binding index systems, which have become the decision-making basis for the current territorial space resource allocation. ④ In the future, China’s spatial planning system should be further optimized and improved in aspects such as the coordination mechanism of “soft” and “hard” spatial planning, the spatial resource allocation system that places equal emphasis on legality and efficiency, and the spatial layout system from “major function-oriented zoning” to “space use zoning”. Insight into the evolution of China’s spatial planning system can provide historical and logical support for the improvement of China’s spatial governance thinking and the continuous improvement of the efficiency of land space resource allocation in the future and provide a certain reference value for the comparative study of the planning systems of different countries in the world.

The development in urban areas will continue to occur, such as the construction of settlements, offices, shops, educational and health facilities, and other supporting facilities. With the development that will always continue to occur in a nation, it will also increase the productivity in its city. The rapid development of urban activities will also followed by high demand for land. This can lead to land conversion. Therefore, it is necessary to use the land to its optimal capacity and manage it wisely in order to produce a quality space that is maintained for its sustainability. Rules and regulations are compiled into a plan in the Guidelines for the Preparation of Detailed Spatial Planning (RDTR). This research conducted in North Gandaria Urban Village because the buildings are divided into three environments, namely densely populated settlements, middle to upper settlements, offices and shops which based on geometrical aspects have various building forms from small to large ratios. Each building has different diverse land and building usages. In this study, land use suitability was identified by manual and digital classification, namely by image interpretation and classifying using the Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) method on SPOT-7 images which were then superimposed to produce land use maps. In addition, this study utilizes altitude data from LiDAR to complement building spatial data and is processed to BIM. BIM dimensions are made in 3D with Level of Development 100 or equivalent to Level of Details 1 which has a flat roof if converted. From this research resulted suitability of land use and buildings to carry out an analysis related to sustainability and can be used as consideration and input by the policy makers on spatial planning policies. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the suitability of land use was 95% classified suitable to spatial detail plan. To determine the suitability of the building in this study, it was seen from the activities of the building and the height of the building. Based on building activities, 9.30% of building activities that are not allowed and another 90.70% are classified as conditionally allowed buildings, allowed, limited alowed and limited and conditional. Meanwhile, based on the height of the building, there are 82.7% of buildings that comply with the spatial detail plan.

Land use change in Kendal District, Indonesia, has become a crucial issue in spatial management. The mismatch between land use and spatial planning is one of the problems that often occurs. Limited land and rapid population growth have driven significant changes in land use, especially in the industrial sector, so an evaluation is needed by comparing actual land use in the area with the applicable Spatial Plan. This research aims to analyze land use change between 2015 and 2020 in Kendal District. Based on quantitative approaches and descriptive analysis, secondary data and interpretation of remote sensing imagery are used to understand land change. The results show that there were significant changes in spatial planning and land use in 2015 and 2020, so these results can make an important contribution to the government in regional planning and sustainable urban development. Changes in land use in Kendal Regency have not been in accordance with the Spatial Pattern Plan Map of the Kendal area. This is because changes will continue to occur, so changes in land use will also continue to change. It is not surprising that changes have not occurred significantly or in accordance with the planned pattern.

Protected areas can be parts of larger ecosystems, and land use changes in the unprotected part of the ecosystems may threaten the biological diversity by affecting the ecological processes. The relationship between protected areas and their surroundings has been influential in understanding the role of spatial planning in nature conservation. This article focuses on the problem that Turkey’s protected areas are vulnerable to pressure and threats caused by land use changes. Spatial planning serving as a bridge between nature conservation and land use is the solution for effective nature conservation in Turkey. Thereby, the aim of this article is to develop a conceptual framework which offers spatial planning as an effective tool to bridge the gap between land use change and nature conservation. In this context, first literature review is conducted, and systematic conservation planning, evidence-based conservation planning, bioregional planning and national system planning are presented as effective planning methods in nature conservation. In addition to literature review, official national statistics and Convention on Biological Diversity’s country reports are utilized to shed light on Turkey’s current state. Finally, a conceptual framework is defined, the main differences with the current situation are revealed. The results indicate that an effective planning system for Turkey’s protected areas incorporates a holistic, target-oriented system defining the spatial planning process for protected areas. The spatial planning system to be developed in this context is also used by decision-makers in evaluating the ecological effectiveness of existing plans.

Private Sector-led Urban Development Projects. Management, Partnerships and Effects in the Netherlands and the UK