Abstract
It is very important for human health to supervise the use of food additives, because excessive use of food additives will cause harm to the human body, especially lead to organ failures and even cancers. Therefore, it is important to realize high-sensibility detection of benzoic acid, a widely used food additive. Based on the theory of electromagnetism, this research attempts to design a terahertz-enhanced metamaterial resonator, using a metamaterial resonator to achieve enhanced detection of benzoic acid additives by using terahertz technology. The absorption peak of the metamaterial resonator is designed to be 1.95 THz, and the effectiveness of the metamaterial resonator is verified. Firstly, the original THz spectra of benzoic acid aqueous solution samples based on metamaterial are collected. Secondly, smoothing, multivariate scattering correction (MSC), and smoothing combined with first derivative (SG + 1 D) methods are used to preprocess the spectra to study the better spectral pretreatment methods. Then, Uninformative Variable Elimination (UVE) and Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling (CARS) are used to explore the optimal terahertz band selection method. Finally, Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) models are established, respectively, to realize the enhanced detection of benzoic acid additives. The LS-SVM model combined with CARS has the best effect, with the correlation coefficient of prediction set (Rp) is 0.9953, the root mean square error of prediction set (RMSEP) is 7.3 × 10−6, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 2.3610 × 10−5 g/mL. The research results lay a foundation for THz spectral analysis of benzoic acid additives, so that THz technology-based detection of benzoic acid additives in food can reach requirements stipulated in the national standard. This research is of great significance for promoting the detection and analysis of trace additives in food, whose results can also serve as a reference to the detection of antibiotic residues, banned additives, and other trace substances.
Highlights
Benzoic acid and benzoate are widely used in food as a kind of preservatives
Terahertz spectrum is rich in information, including many THz optical parameters, such as absorption coefficient, dielectric constant, refractive index, phase angle, etc., which can reflect the internal information of substances in multiple dimensions
The metamaterial resonator has a strong absorption at a specific frequency of the THz waveband
Summary
With the improvement of people’s living standards, more attention has been paid to food safety. The categories and limits of food additives in dairy products are clearly stipulated in National. Food Safety Standard: Standard for Uses of Food Additives (GB-2760–2014), in which the limited dosage of benzoic acid is no more than 1.0 g/kg, in which the limited dosage of benzoic acid is no more than 1.0 g/kg [1]. The above food additives can be added to food under the dosage limited by the national standard, but excessive intake of which can be harmful to the human body, especially lead to liver failure, kidney failure, and even cancers [2]. The commonly adopted detection methods of food additives at home and abroad can be divided into two categories: The bioassay method and physicochemical analysis method.
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