Abstract
In this paper, a three-dimensional pen interaction technique based on the pen roll angle in normal writing or drawing is proposed. Two experiments are conducted to present the methods. In experiment 1 the range of the pen's pitch angle, yaw angle and roll angle due to normal writing and drawing unconsciously in 3D space are explored to show that the roll angle is used only small part of the possible range so it could be used in interactive control. In experiment 2, the range of the roll angle, accurate and efficient under conscious interaction are further investigated. Two independent variables, angular width and angular distance are introduced to evaluate the performance of the system. The experiment results show that the available angle range [-135°, -20°] and [20°, 135°] together with an angle resolution W = 10 degrees are the preferred parameter combination. The method in this paper would provide an approach to implement interactive instruction through pen roll and meanwhile do not interfere with normal writing and drawing so as to promote the interaction performance of the system.
Highlights
Pen-based interaction is becoming more and more important as a classic way of interaction with the development of virtual reality and human-computer interaction
There are contact pen interaction and contactless pen interaction, in contact pen interaction the pen is writing on a hard surface just like an electronic pen writing on the electronic whiteboard, while in contactless pen interaction the pen is manipulated in the three-dimensional (3D) air space without contact with any hard surface
This paper studied the effect of the pen’s yaw angle, roll angle and pitch angle in the normal writing and drawing process of the pen in 3D space, and studied whether these three attitude angles could be chosen as additional input parameters to improve the interaction performance of the pen in 3D space
Summary
Pen-based interaction is becoming more and more important as a classic way of interaction with the development of virtual reality and human-computer interaction. The contributions of this paper included the following: 1) Through the free drawing and writing experiment three unconscious attitude angles were measured, the result showed that the unconscious range of the pitch angle was approximately [−165◦, 165◦]; the unconscious range of the yaw angle was approximately [−100◦, 100◦]. Both of them exceeded half of the entire rotation range and unsuitable to be a control parameter in an interactive operation. The results showed that within the angle distance of −135◦ < D < −20◦ or 20◦ < D < 135◦ and the target width(resolution) of W > 10◦, the participant could effectively control conscious scrolling and feels ‘‘comfortable’’ in an roll interactive task
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