RESEARCH ON CARBON DISTRIBUTION IN NATURAL SCENIC AREA

Low-carbon tourism (LCT) should be promoted in the development of the tourism sector, particularly in urban tourism, associated with the issue of high carbon dioxide emissions from human transportation-related activities and environmental pollution. Unfortunately, until today, there are still no specific guidelines for developing LCT in urban areas on the implementation or assessment criteria for determining the low carbon level. In consequence, the goal of this article is to discuss low-carbon indicators and policies used in the development of urban tourism. We identified 159 low-carbon indicators through content analysis, after reviewing reliable resources from four journal articles and a government policy paper validated using qualitative methods. Some suggested strategies and policies for LCT activities, actions and cooperation from the authorities and residents in implementing LCT as a new tourism development model. The results can be used globally as a basis for the formation of policies and studies related to LCT in urban areas.

Low-carbon tourism is an important way for the tourism industry to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In order to promote the development of Guilin as a world-class tourism city and ensure the sustainable development of the tourism industry in Guilin, this paper combines the concept of carbon footprint and the theory of life cycle to build a tourists’ carbon footprint life cycle analysis model of Guilin. Taking tourists in Guilin as an example, the composition and changes of tourists’ carbon footprint are dynamically analyzed. The research shows that: (1) The overall tourism carbon footprint of Guilin showed an upward trend during 2011–2019. From 2020 to 2022, due to the impact of COVID-19, Guilin’s tourism carbon footprint has decreased significantly. The per capita carbon footprint of tourism in Guilin showed a downward trend from 2011 to 2022; (2) The order of the size of Guilin’s tourism carbon footprint is tourism transportation > tourism catering > tourism accommodation > tourism activities; (3) From 2011 to 2022, the carbon footprint of tourism transportation in Guilin showed an obvious narrowing state, while the carbon footprint of tourism accommodation, tourism activities, and tourism catering showed an obvious expanding trend. Based on the characteristics of the carbon footprint of Guilin’s tourism and the current situation of the development of Guilin’s tourism, this paper puts forward suggestions on reducing carbon emissions, forms a new tool for evaluating and constructing low-carbon tourism, and provides a scientific basis and practical reference significance for the sustainable development of low-carbon tourism in Guilin.

This paper, using a comprehensive model to calculate the data collected from the 11 provinces along the Yangtze River Economic Belt, analyzed the 15-year dynamic changes in tourism carbon footprint in this region from 2004 to 2018. Our findings included: (1) Both total and per capita tourism carbon footprint of the 11 provinces along the Yangtze River Economic Belt tend to increase, bringing higher pressure on the environment except for the year of 2009 when the study of “low-carbon tourism” temporarily slowed down the regional carbon emissions. (2) In the lower basin of the region, Jiangsu claimed the highest in both total and per capita carbon footprint of tourism, while Shanghai saw an obvious effect in controlling carbon emissions through tourism. Jiangxi and Guizhou increased their tourism carbon footprint at the fastest paces in the middle and the upper basin, respectively. And (3) the per capita carbon footprint of tourism in the eastern, central, and western parts of the Yangtze River Economic Belt was 143.7kg/person, 97.9kg/person, and 104.8kg/person, respectively, showing that the east was greater than the west, which in turn was greater than the central part. The Yangtze River Economic Belt was meeting the dual challenges of economic development and carbon emission reduction with an obvious upward trend of carbon emissions through tourism. It had become one of the key tasks for the region to conserve energy, reduce carbon emissions, and develop low-carbon tourism.

This study aims to provide a scientific basis to address the strategies for sustainable development of urban tourism industry. By using the Life Cycle Assessment method, it decomposes tourism activities into seven different functional units (different tourism activities)-transportation, catering, accommodation, sightseeing, shopping, entertainment and waste disposal-based on the expression of services provided by tourism activities, and determine the boundary range of each different functional unit in terms of the pathways and the functional orientation of the products (resources and energy) provided by the services of each functional unit. A “bottom-up” model is then constructed to measure the carbon footprint of tourism. Based on data collected from various sources for the period 2014–2019, it compares the composition and differences of domestic and international tourists’ carbon footprints in Chenzhou City, one of inland mountainous regions of central China, through several steps, including target and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact evaluation and life cycle interpretation. Results show that domestic tourists contributed more than 90% of the total annual carbon footprints to the city, ranging from 76.8809 × 106 kg to 194.6067 × 106 kg. Transportation is the dominant category, accounting for over 80% of the total carbon footprints. The study suggests that optimizing tourism resources, reducing transportation distances, and switching to low-carbon modes can effectively reduce the tourism carbon footprints in Chenzhou and similar regions. This study reveals the structural characteristics of the tourism carbon footprint and its influencing factors and provides valuable insights for policy development involving energy saving and low carbon tourism, thus enhancing the long-term sustainability of tourism development in an urban tourism destination like Chenzhou.

According to current situations, combination of hotel management and low-carbon tourism is of very positive significance. This paper mainly analyzes current situations of low-carbon tourism and problems existing in hotel management under low-carbon tourism standard, and proposes corresponding countermeasures in allusion to these problems.

Along with the advancement of the construction of ecological civilization, low-carbon economy and low-carbon tourism are increasingly affecting the production and life style of human beings. Low carbon tourism is in the process of tourism development, through the use of low-carbon technologies, promote carbon absorbing mechanism and advocate low carbon tourism consumption to obtain higher tourism experience quality and greater tourism economic, social and environmental benefits of a sustainable development of tourism in new ways . Low carbon has become a recognized future development direction of the tourism industry. Closely linked to this paper, vigorously develop low carbon tourism industry requirements, to Lin an, Zhejiang Tian mu village, for example, through on-the-spot investigation, the problems existed in the village rural tourism low carbon analysis, and put forward the corresponding countermeasures, in order to rural tourism and low-carbon development in our province to find a feasible and with a demonstration of the significance of the road, and for other areas to carry out low carbon tourism experience.

Along with the advancement of the construction of ecological civilization, low-carbon economy and low-carbon tourism are increasingly affecting the production and life style of human beings. Low carbon tourism is in the process of tourism development, through the use of low-carbon technologies, promote carbon absorbing mechanism and advocate low carbon tourism consumption to obtain higher tourism experience quality and greater tourism economic, social and environmental benefits of a sustainable development of tourism in new ways . Low carbon has become a recognized future development direction of the tourism industry. Closely linked to this paper, vigorously develop low carbon tourism industry requirements, to Tonglu, Zhejiang Lu Ci Cun, for example, through on-the-spot investigation, the problems existed in the village rural tourism low carbon analysis, and put forward the corresponding countermeasures, in order to rural tourism and low-carbon development in our province to find a feasible and with a demonstration of the significance of the road, and for other areas to carry out low carbon tourism experience.

Environmental challenges emanating from the impacts of climate change in Thailand's tourism sector remain serious for one of the important pillars. These underpin the need for low-carbon tourism that is based on sustainable practices to guarantee the long-term well-being of the country's natural resources and communities. This case study investigates the low-carbon initiatives current situation in the Khaosok Tourism Cluster, with a focus on community-based tourism, government policies, and private sector participatory approaches to sustainable development. It enumerates the main benefits derived from embracing low-carbon practices through a qualitative multi-method approach: environmental protection, economic growth, and the social development of the local community. The study also highlights various significant challenges that the Khaosok Tourism Cluster face, including financial constraints, general lack of awareness about low carbon tourism among its stakeholders, and a regulatory shortfall that works to inhibit the adoption of sustainable measures. The addressing of such challenges is crucial to the successful integration of low carbon practices in the tourism industry. Outcomes of this research also point to the importance of multi-agency coordination and collaboration across government agencies, private operators, and the communities. These players should be working hand in hand in the development of mechanisms that give way to a low-carbon tourism community. This study proposes some recommendations; the first of these relates to improving incentive policy mechanisms that encourage and ensure compliance with low-carbon practices. Involvement of comprehensive policies and guidelines which will inspire integration of sustainable measures in the tourism sectors. Second, educational programs should be established to boost the understanding and awareness of low carbon tourism among all stakeholders, including tourists themselves, local communities, and tourism operators. A well-informed community stands a better chance of actively participating and supporting such sustainable initiatives. It is also important in the final analysis to institute effective monitoring systems that will help in successful implementation of low carbon practices. This will help in regular monitoring and evaluation to know what needs adjusting in pursuit of sustainability in practice, measure performance, as well as track progress through set targets. It will also provide valuable data for future research and policy development in sustainable tourism. By applying these recommendations, Thailand will set the standard toward low-carbon sustainable tourism to meet global climate goals. The holistic approach will preserve the beauty and resources of the country, while communities of the country will experience economic growth and social well-being.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于土地利用变化的四川省碳排放与碳足迹效应及时空格局 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201506111188 作者: 作者单位: 地理与资源科学学院,地理与资源科学学院,中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心,地理与资源科学学院,地理与资源科学学院,地理与资源科学学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（41371125） Effect of land use changes on the temporal and spatial patterns of carbon emissions and carbon footprints in the Sichuan Province of Western China, from 1990 to 2010 Author: Affiliation: Key Lab of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest,Ministry of Education,Sichuan Normal University,Key Lab of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest,Ministry of Education,Sichuan Normal University,Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences RESDC,Key Lab of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest,Ministry of Education,Sichuan Normal University,Key Lab of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest,Ministry of Education,Sichuan Normal University,Key Lab of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest,Ministry of Education,Sichuan Normal University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:土地利用变化的碳排放与碳足迹研究对了解人类活动对生态环境的扰动程度及其机理、制定有效的碳排放政策具有重要意义。采用1990-2010年四川省能源消费数据和土地利用数据，通过构建碳排放模型、碳足迹及其压力指数模型，对研究区20年来土地利用的碳排放及碳足迹进行了定量分析。结果表明：（1）土地利用变化的碳排放和能源消费碳的足迹呈显著增加趋势。碳排放增加5407.839×104 t，增长率达143%；能源消费的碳足迹增加1566.622×104 hm2，四川全省的生态赤字达1563.598×104 hm2。（2）建设用地和林地分别为四川省最大的碳源与碳汇。20年间建设用地的碳排放增加5407.072×104 t，增长率达126.27%，占碳排放总量的88%以上；林地的碳汇减少10.351×104 t，但仍占四川省碳汇的96%以上。（3）土地利用碳排放、碳足迹和生态赤字存在明显区域差异。成都平原区碳排放、碳足迹压力最大，生态赤字严重，西部高山高原区和盆周山区碳排放、碳足迹最小，未出现生态赤字；成都、德阳、资阳和内江等地的碳排放、碳足迹压力最大，生态赤字最严重，甘孜、阿坝等地的碳排放、碳足迹最小，未出现生态赤字。（4）土地利用结构与碳排放、碳足迹存在一定的相互关系，趋高的碳源、碳汇比导致土地利用的碳源效应远大于碳汇效应。因此，四川省减排的重点应该在保持或增加现有的林地的同时，主要以降低建设用地的碳排放、碳足迹为主。 Abstract:Land use changes significantly affect the carbon dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems, and are one of the main factors influencing climate change on a global scale. Analyzing the effects of land use on carbon emissions is important for understanding the mechanisms of carbon emissions and the success of carbon reduction and climate change mitigation efforts. In this study, we developed carbon emission, pressure index, and carbon footprint models to evaluate a carbon budget, and carried out research in the Sichuan Province of western China to estimate carbon sinks and carbon sources, based on energy consumption and land use change data from 1990 to 2010 (obtained from remote sensing technologies). The results showed that:(1) Changes in land use and energy consumption from 1990 to 2010 significantly increased carbon emissions (5407.839×104 t, or 143%), with an average annual rate of increase of 7.151% (1566.622×104 hm2). During the same period, the carbon footprint for energy consumption increased, and the area of ecological deficit reached 1563.598×104 hm2. Overall, the increase in carbon emissions was associated with a rapid increase in fossil fuel consumption as well as land use changes; (2) Land under construction (carbon source) and forests (carbon sink) were the largest carbon pools in the carbon budget. Higher carbon emissions were noted for built-up land than for other land use types. Between 1990 and 2010, there was a continuous increase in carbon sources, and a slight decrease in carbon sinks. Carbon emissions from built-up land increased by 126.27%, which was the largest percentage increase in carbon emissions; (3) There were considerable regional differences in carbon emissions and carbon footprints. The Chengdu plain, and its surroundings regions (e.g., Chengdu, Deyang, Ziyang, and Neijiang), had higher carbon emissions, carbon footprints, and ecological deficits in 2010 than in 1990. In contrast, the west, northwest, and southwest mountainous regions and plateau areas (e.g., the Ganzhi, Aba, and Liangshan autonomous prefectures) had lower carbon emissions in 2010 than in 1990. In general, these regions had low carbon footprints and ecological deficits because of their widespread coverage by forests and grasslands. Compared to the Chengdu plain (and its surroundings regions), these regions had relatively low fossil fuel consumption, slow urbanization rates, and limited industrial development and transportation corridors. Overall, in Sichuan, there was an increase from 1990 to 2010 in the spatial distribution and severity of carbon emissions, carbon footprints, and ecological deficits; and (4) Land use had a greater effect on carbon sources than on carbon sinks. Forests, grasslands, water areas, and unused land were the main carbon sinks, while land under construction and cultivated land were the main carbon sources. The rapid increase in carbon sources and slow decrease in carbon sinks resulted in a substantial increase in carbon emissions in Sichuan from 1990 to 2010, with the ratio of sources to sinks increasing from 4.002 in 1990 to 9.739 in 2010. In conclusion, one key focus of future carbon emission reduction efforts in Sichuan should be to maintain or increase forest areas. It would also be worthwhile to reduce carbon emissions from land under construction. Through targeted land use and land management activities, ecosystems can be managed to enhance carbon sequestration and mitigate fluxes of greenhouse gases. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

<sec><title>Objective</title> The world is still in a phase of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Excessive carbon emissions has become the primary root cause of various urban or even global environmental problems, further impacting human physiological and psychological health. Cities are the largest sources of carbon emissions and are crucial regions for achieving carbon neutrality goals. Urban blue-green infrastructure (UBGI), comprising natural, semi-natural, or artificial green and blue spaces within cities, is considered as the most important carbon sink space in urban areas and has increasingly attracted widespread attention from researchers. However, there are still many unresolved issues regarding the effectiveness of UBGI in carbon sink enhancement and emission reduction: 1) How is the energy efficiency of carbon sink enhancement and emission reduction measured, and what factors influence it? 2) What are the mechanisms and pathways through which UBGI enhances carbon sink and reduces carbon emission? 3) How can UBGI be regulated to better enhance its effectiveness in carbon sink enhancement and emission reduction? 4) What are the limitations and potential directions for future research? This research aims to address these issues and propose scientifically sound planning strategies for UBGI construction to achieve urban carbon neutrality goals. </sec><sec><title>Methods</title> Through literature synthesis and deduction, this research organizes and analyzes the multi-scale measurement methods for UBGI’s efficiency in carbon sink enhancement and emission reduction, identifies corresponding influencing factors at each scale, and constructs multi-scale planning strategies for UBGI based on the logical framework of “measurement methods–influencing factors – planning strategies”. </sec><sec><title>Results</title> The research proposes UBGI planning strategies across three spatial scales (site, community and urban area), covering three key aspects: Carbon sequestration and sink enhancement, carbon reduction based on temperature reduction (or preservation), and travel-related carbon reduction. Based on current research gaps and planning needs, five major research topics are further identified. This research provides a detailed analysis of the measurement methods and influencing factors of UBGI’s efficiency in carbon sink enhancement and emission reduction from three perspectives: Carbon sequestration and sink enhancement, carbon reduction based on temperature reduction (or preservation), and travel-related carbon reduction. The research finds significant differences in the measurement methods for UBGI’s efficiency in carbon sink enhancement and emission reduction efficiency across different scales. Contradictory results may occur at different scales, and large-scale research often lacks characterization of internal features, leading to unclear mechanisms of influencing factors and obstructing practical planning. Based on the interpretation of UBGI’s mechanisms for carbon sink enhancement and emission reduction at different scales, this research formulates UBGI planning strategies across three spatial scales (site, community, and urban area). These strategies include: 1) At the site scale, for carbon sequestration and sink enhancement – carbon sink at the source, land balance, and ecological design; for emission reduction – symbiosis with buildings and integration into daily life. 2) At the community scale, for carbon sequestration – overall balance of revenue and expenditure, precise positioning, and proper interconnection of the carbon chain; for emission reduction – incorporation of cool islands and co-construction. 3) At the urban area scale, for carbon sequestration – enhancement of ecological space management and establishment of a carbon-safe pattern; for emission reduction – demand-based layout and organic dispersion. Finally, the research proposes five major research topics for the planning of UBGI’s carbon sink enhancement and emission reduction: How to construct unified measurement methods for UBGI’s efficiency in carbon sink enhancement and emission reduction across scales? How to measure UBGI’s efficiency in carbon reduction based on temperature reduction (or preservation) at the site scale? How to integrate the pathways of carbon sink enhancement and emission reduction for a life cycle assessment of UBGI? How to balance UBGI’s carbon sink enhancement and emission reduction with other functions to achieve the optimal layout for comprehensive benefits? How to achieve urban “carbon justice” through UBGI? </sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title> The carbon sink pathway of the strategy framework requires “carbon sink at the source – precise positioning – safe pattern”, and the emission reduction pathway requires “symbiotic integration – co-construction and sharing – organic dispersion”. The key trade-offs between these two pathways at three spatial scales may provide theoretical support and practical guidance for UBGI construction and management. The five major research topics mentioned above may offer valuable assistance for UBGI construction and future research. </sec>

Analyzing energy utilization influence on tourism and low-carbon development: Insights from Xianju National Park in China

Tropical and subtropical forests have many valuable roles, one of them within the carbon cycle. Within this cycle they are an essential terrestrial component, functioning as carbon reservoirs and sinks. The importance of (sub)tropical forests in climate change mitigation has been highlighted in recent climate change policies, such as the Paris Agreement, with signatory countries working towards a robust monitoring of their forest carbon stocks and sinks. Additionally, efforts to enhance forest carbon sinks through the restoration of degraded land has been highlighted by the Bonn Challenge, with currently more than 70 pledges in 60 countries underway.Until recently, large-scale assessments and country-level reporting of forest carbon stocks and sinks have been relying on coarse estimates provided in 2006 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). However, these estimates were based on a handful of studies per global ecological zone (also known as ecozone), did not provide methods for their derivation nor measures of uncertainty, and did not distinguish between forest successional stages.Furthermore, little is known about the drivers of variations in carbon stocks and sinks across (sub)tropical forests, particularly in forests with limited forest plot data availability. In this respect, insights for variations in forests and woodlands in the African dry tropics and in forests recovering from recent disturbance remains limited. Understanding how forest carbon stocks and sinks vary is essential for monitoring greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes as well as for improving forest conservation and restoration endeavours.Over time, research on (sub)tropical forest carbon stocks and sinks has progressed, as well as country-level monitoring efforts to improve forest GHG reporting. This has led to the increase in availability of forest plot data. Simultaneously, large-scale remote sensing products have become available and region-specific methods for the monitoring of forest disturbance/recovery dynamics have improved over time. Thus, the opportunity to combine forest plot data with remote sensing to evaluate carbon stocks and sinks in (sub)tropical forests at different stages of recovery arises.The overall aim of this thesis is to integrate forest plot data with remote sensing to contribute towards understanding and quantifying aboveground forest carbon stocks (aboveground biomass; AGB) and sinks (aboveground biomass change; ΔAGB) in (sub)tropical forests. More specifically, this thesis has the objectives of (1) improving estimations of (sub)tropical aboveground forest carbon stocks and sinks under varying disturbance types for GHG reporting and of (2) understanding the drivers of aboveground carbon stocks and sinks in recovering forests in the (sub)tropics

This paper predicts Net Carbon Emissions of Yunnan form 2007 to 2050 through energy consumption carbon emissions based on economic growth model and forest carbon sinks based on CO2FIX model. Further, we analyze the influencing factors of carbon emissions reduction and the contribution of forest carbon sinks to carbon emissions reduction, and then study low-carbon economy. The curves of energy consumption carbon emissions and net carbon emissions have an inverted "U" type, respectively with a peak value 129.71 MtC at 2035 and 118.89 MtC at 2035. We study carbon emissions from all aspects, including carbon emissions intensity, the carbon emissions, the declining rate of carbon emissions intensity, and the per capita net carbon emissions. Finally, we found that carbon emissions is more than carbon sinks by forests, and net carbon emissions inevitably increase due to the high-speed development of the economy, Afforestation and protecting the original forests can ecologically reduce carbon emissions. Facing the global carbon emissions, we need to develop low-carbon economy and take the path of sustainable development.

<sec><title>Objective</title> Ecosystem services are the link between ecosystems and social systems. While effectively coordinating regional ecological, social and economic needs and promoting carbon sequestration and emission reduction, ecosystem services can be transmitted to surrounding areas to boost regional ecological space optimization. Under the guidance of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, clarifying the positive impact of ecosystem services on net carbon sink efficiency in metropolitan areas and the spillover effect of ecosystem services can effectively contribute to regional ecosystem service enhancement, and realize efficient carbon sequestration and reduction in ecological space. </sec><sec><title>Methods</title> Supported by multi-source panel data spanning the period from 2010 to 2020, this research takes the Shanghai Metropolitan Area as the research object and divides the research area into 40 research units. Based on the multiple benefits of ecosystem services in synergistically promoting urban sink enhancement and emission reduction, this research constructs a net carbon sink efficiency indicator system. Then, utilizing the undesirable slacks-based measurement (SBM) model, the research evaluates the net carbon sink efficiency of each unit during the period from 2010 to 2020, and further explores the distributional characteristics and spatial-temporal changes of carbon sinks, carbon emissions, and net carbon sink efficiency from the geospatial perspective. In combination with the guiding content of spatial synergistic planning for the Shanghai Metropolitan Area, four important ecosystem services, namely water retention, water purification, soil retention and biodiversity maintenance, are quantitatively characterized with the InVEST model. Subsequently, based on the spatial decomposition effects (direct, indirect and total effects) obtained with spatial econometric model, the influencing mechanisms of ecosystem services and their interrelationship on the net carbon sink efficiency of 40 research units are analyzed. In addition, the spatial spillover effects of ecosystem services are innovatively revealed according to ecosystem service flow conduction mechanisms. </sec><sec><title>Results</title> Research results are summarized as follows. 1) During the 11 years from the 2010 to 2020, the growth of carbon dioxide emissions in the Shanghai Metropolitan Area gradually slowed down, while the net primary productivity of vegetation continued to increase, and the areas with high carbon emissions and high carbon sinks were partially overlapped; in addition, the net carbon sink efficiency of some core nodes, such as Shanghai City, maintained a steady improvement, effectively driving neighboring cities to reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon sinks; meanwhile, the areas with improved net carbon sink efficiency have some similar characteristics and can be divided into 2 types: areas with high production value, high carbon emissions, and high carbon sinks, and those with medium-high production value, low carbon emissions, and medium-high carbon sinks. 2) The four ecosystem services have significant spatial heterogeneity and relatively stable changes over the 11-year period, with the high values mainly distributed in the southwestern part of the area with high vegetation cover and the area around the Taihu Lake with concentrated water resources, while the low values mainly distributed in the concentrated urban construction areas and near the regional traffic arteries, and the total amount of the four ecosystem services has shown fluctuating characteristics. 3) Regarding the spatial decomposition effects of ecosystem services on net carbon sink efficiency, there are differences in the coefficients, directions and significance of the spatial effects of different ecosystem services. For the ecosystem service trade-off index and relationship index, the direct effects are significantly positive, while indirect effects significantly negative. </sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title> The research clarifies that water-related ecosystem services such as water retention and water purification services can significantly affect carbon reduction and sink enhancement in the Shanghai Metropolitan Area, and attention should be paid to water network system and its coupling effects with green and grey spaces, so as to further stimulate the ecological vitality of Jiangnan water vein. As there are differences in the spillover effects of different ecosystem services, it is necessary to differentiate the optimization and enhancement strategies for each type of ecological space and its ecosystem services according to local conditions, and the conservation of important ecological spaces in the metropolitan area should be continuously strengthened, followed by joint protection and control of ecological red lines in neighboring areas, so as to promote territorial spatial carbon reduction and sink enhancement activities, thus contributing to the steady improvement of the net carbon sink efficiency of the Shanghai Metropolitan Area in general. The research clearly demonstrates the positive effects of enhancing water-related ecosystem services and conserving important ecological spaces on regional carbon sinks and reduction, and effectively reveals an effective path for synergistic carbon reduction in the region, which may provide certain reference for improving territorial spatial management. </sec>

Developing the eco-tourism in low carbon economy has becoming an appeal for all sectors of the society. To develop a low carbon economy, as well as construct low carbon cities, is a convenient and scientific way to starting from the construction of low carbon scenic spot, this concept should put deep into the exploitation and construction of scenic spot. As direct participants of tourism activities, tourists have no doubt play a key role in the construction of low carbon scenic spot and achieving the goals of low carbon in scenic area. At present, low carbon tourism is in fact more to reflect a kind of energy conservation and emission reduction in concept, for which it is a response to ecological tourism and sustainable tourism. There has no specific and quantifiable index to qualify as the measurement and evaluation standard of low carbon scenic spot. It is thus clear that to construct low carbon scenic area that we should put forth effort to strengthening tourists’ low carbon tourism consciousness.