Abstract
As renewable energy sources are extensively utilized and power loads are growing, a bi-level model of “Source-Load-Storage” collaborative dispatch is proposed to solve the supply–demand mismatch, and promoting economic operation of the grid, given that the uncertainty and fluctuation of both affect power grids stability. The upper-level of the model is a virtual power plant (VPP) composed of 100% renewable energy, and the lower-level of the model contains four diverse types of electrical loads, while the corresponding demand response (DR) strategies are developed according to the loads’ distinctive characteristics. The fuzzy opportunity constraint in the solution process converts it into a deterministic condition constraint. Four cases verified the economics of the model and algorithm at different levels of participation in the response. The simulation results showed that the model and algorithm used in this paper resulted in a reduced overall operating cost compared to the other cases. In addition, by changing the confidence interval in the fuzzy opportunity constraint, we also analyze the influence of the confidence interval in balancing safety and economy in the operation of the power system, which can provide a great reference value for the operation and dispatch of a power system.
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