Abstract
We studied the reaction of transesterification of triglycerides of sunflower oil by aliphatic alcohols С 2 –С 4 in the presence of the cationite CU-2-8 in H-form and with the immobilized ions of metals and the anionite AV-17-8. We investigated the influence of the type of ionite, immobilized cation of metal, the structure of alcohol, molar ratio of triglyceride:alcohol, temperature, and the content of catalyst in the reaction mixture on the rate of reaction of transesterification and conversion of triglycerides. It was established that the activity of catalysts, based on the cationite CU-2-8 with immobilized ions of metals, in the reaction of transesterification of triglycerides by alcohols С 2 –С 4 depends on the type of the immobilized ion of metal. It was shown that the cationite CU-2-8 with immobilized ions of Ni 2+ , Sn 2+ , Co 2 and in H-form demonstrates the highest activity in the reaction of transesterification. It was established that in the presence of the examined catalysts conversion of triglycerides decreases with an increase in the length of the alcohol chain. Extreme dependence of the rate of transesterification reaction and conversion of triglycerides on the content of the catalyst–ionite was established. Optimum conditions for the reaction of transesterification of triglyceride by aliphatic alcohols С 2 –С 4 were found. It was established that optimal content of catalyst is 2 % by weight; molar ratio of alcohol:TG for ethanol, propane-1-ol and propane-2-ol is (4‒5):1, for butane-1-ol, it is 10:1. The temperature of reaction should be close to the boiling temperature of alcohol. It was shown that the examined catalysts demonstrate high activity in the reaction of transesterification of triglycerides and make it possible to achieve high conversion rate of starting materials. The results obtained indicate the feasibility of applying catalysts based on the cationite CU-2-8 with immobilized ions of metals in the reaction of transesterification of triglycerides by alcohols С 2 –С 4 .
Highlights
The products of transesterification of triglycerides are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl esters of fatty acids, mono- and diacylglycerols
Heterogeneous catalysts of transesterification demonstrate high activity, provide high yield of methyl esters at transesterification of used oils and fats that contain more than 12 % by weight of free fatty acids (FFA) [8]
We determined the effect of the type of ionite and the metal ion, immobilized on the cationite CU-2-8, on the reaction of transesterification of triglycerides of sunflower oil by alcohols С2–С4
Summary
The products of transesterification of triglycerides are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl esters of fatty acids, mono- and diacylglycerols. A wide range of catalysts, which are used to intensify transesterification at present, are characterized by both advantages and significant shortcomings [1] When it comes to avoiding a number of shortcomings (low activity, homogeneity of catalysts), of special interest are the studies into regularities of transesterification of triglycerides with alcohols С2–С4 in the presence of heterogeneous ionites of different nature. The advantage of using ionites is the possibility of obtaining catalysts that contain active centers of varying nature, chemically bound with the carrier, non-soluble in the reaction mixture. Both Н+- and ОН–-ions are immobilized on the solid matrix. It is important to establish influence of the alcohol structure, the type of cationite and a metal ion on the indicators of reaction, to determine optimal conditions for the process of transesterification (the content of a catalyst in the reaction system, molar ratio of reagents, and the temperature of reaction)
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