Abstract
Although recent evidence has suggested that a high-fat diet (HFD) plays an important role in prostate carcinogenesis, the underlying mechanisms have largely remained unknown. This review thus summarizes previous preclinical studies that have used prostate cancer cells and animal models to assess the impact of dietary fat on prostate cancer development and progression. Large variations in the previous studies were found during the selection of preclinical models and types of dietary intervention. Subcutaneous human prostate cancer cell xenografts, such as LNCaP, LAPC-4, and PC-3 and genetic engineered mouse models, such as TRAMP and Pten knockout, were frequently used. The dietary interventions had not been standardized, and distinct variations in the phenotype were observed in different studies using distinct HFD components. The use of different dietary components in the research models is reported to influence the effect of diet-induced metabolic disorders. The proposed underlying mechanisms for HFD-induced prostate cancer were divided into (1) growth factor signaling, (2) lipid metabolism, (3) inflammation, (4) hormonal modulation, and others. A number of preclinical studies proposed that dietary fat and/or obesity enhanced prostate cancer development and progression. However, the relationship still remains controversial, and care should be taken when interpreting the results in a human context. Future studies using more sophisticated preclinical models are imperative in order to explore deeper understanding regarding the impact of dietary fat on the development and progression of prostate cancer.
Highlights
Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer among men in 92 countries and the leading cause of cancer deaths among men in 48 countries [1]
Considering these backgrounds, this study aimed to summarize previous preclinical studies regarding the relationship between dietary fat and prostate cancer development and progression, focusing on differences in preclinical models and dietary fat composition
The study involving the largest number of allografts revealed that mice receiving AIN-93M-high-fat diet had significantly heavier and significantly larger TRAMP-C2 allografts compared to those receiving AIN-93M, whereas no differences in prostate weight were observed among the groups [31]
Summary
Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer among men in 92 countries and the leading cause of cancer deaths among men in 48 countries [1]. A number of clinical and preclinical studies have shown that total fat intake and specific fat composition play a potential role in prostate cancer, their findings have remained inconclusive. Considering these backgrounds, this study aimed to summarize previous preclinical studies regarding the relationship between dietary fat and prostate cancer development and progression, focusing on differences in preclinical models and dietary fat composition. Potential mechanisms on dietary fat-induced prostate carcinogenesis were discussed by updating previous research evidence. To this end, previous preclinical studies investigating dietary fat and prostate cancer were identified using a PubMed search including only studies published in English. This review helps us to understand the current state of diet-induced prostate cancer research in order to guide future works exploring the association between dietary-fat and prostate cancer
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