Abstract
Based on the actual application requirements of multicolor long persistent luminescence (LPL) materials, we highlight the recent developments in the last decade on human-eye-sensitive LPL materials and try to make a full list of known LPL compounds possessing wavelengths of 400–600 nm and a duration time longer than 10 h (>0.32 mcd/m2); these are more sensitive to the human eye's night vision and can be used throughout the night. We further emphasize our group research of novel LPL materials and the regulation of LPL color to enable a full palette. In the end, we try to summarize the challenges and perspectives of LPL materials for potential research directions based on our limited understandings. This review could offer new enlightenment for further exploration of new LPL materials in the visible light range and related applications.
Highlights
Long persistent luminescence (LPL) materials are defined as energy-saving and environmentally friendly materials that show persistent luminescence from seconds to hours after turning off the excitation sources, such as UV, visible light, X-ray, and sunlight (Zhuang et al, 2016; Li Y. et al, 2017; Xu et al, 2018; Xiong et al, 2019)
In scotopic vision (LPL material application conditions), human eyes are more sensitive to ∼400–600 nm light
The past decade or so has witnessed significant advances in LPL materials with wavelengths in the range of 400–600 nm, the pattern of Eu2+ ions acted as activator ions and lanthanide rare-earth ions serving as trapping centers or to produce defect-related trapping center is still the most effective for most excellent LPL materials
Summary
Long persistent luminescence (LPL) materials are defined as energy-saving and environmentally friendly materials that show persistent luminescence from seconds to hours after turning off the excitation sources, such as UV, visible light, X-ray, and sunlight (Zhuang et al, 2016; Li Y. et al, 2017; Xu et al, 2018; Xiong et al, 2019). The most efficient visible light LPL materials remain blue CaAl2O4: Eu2+, Nd3+ and green SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ (Katsumata et al, 1997, 1998; Hölsä et al, 2001), which both struggle to achieve multicolor and extensive applications. On this basis, it is the right time to provide this review to further stimulate and develop novel visible-light-emitting LPL materials and open up new applications. In scotopic vision (LPL material application conditions), human eyes are more sensitive to ∼400–600 nm light. This work may be useful for the exploration of human-eye-sensitive LPL materials and the further optimization of LPL performance
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