Abstract
The proteins of flotillin-1 and flotillin-2 were originally discovered in axon regeneration of goldfish retinal ganglion cells. They are generally used as marker proteins of lipid rafts and considered to be scaffolding proteins of lipid microdomains. Although they are ubiquitously expressed and well-conserved from fly to man, their exact functions remain controversial. In this review, we summarize the structure of flotillins and some functions of them, such as regulating axon regeneration, endocytosis, T cell activation, insulin signaling, membrane protein recruitment, roles in the progression of some diseases and so on.
Highlights
Lipid rafts, which act as signaling and sorting platforms for numerous molecules, are stero- and sphingolipidenriched small microdomains of cell membrane [1,2]
No matter what the details of the functions of flotillins be, it is obvious that flotillins do not function as scaffolding proteins for lipid rafts but active signaling partners taking part in various vital cell processes
It involves in axon regeneration and neuronal differentiation, endocytosis, T-lymphocyte activation, etc
Summary
Lipid rafts, which act as signaling and sorting platforms for numerous molecules, are stero- and sphingolipidenriched small microdomains of cell membrane [1,2]. The expression of one is regulated by the other, and reduction in one causes the reduction of the other [23] They are involved in axon regeneration and neuronal differentiation, endocytosis, T-lymphocyte activation, membrane protein recruitment and so on. PrPc, which is activated in the flotillin cap, induces the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase ERK1/2 and elicits a distinct Ca2+ signal resulting in recruitment of the major T cell receptor component CD3 the recruitment is not sufficient [43]. Association with other proteins Kato et al suggested that flotillin-1 was a crucial molecule in IgE receptor-mediated mast cell activation, and involved in the activation of Lyn [45]. These studies indicated that flotillins may participate in the progression of some neurodegenerative diseases
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