Abstract
Plants are consistently exposed to pathogens throughout their life cycle and have developed sophisticated and effective regulatory mechanisms to protect themselves against infections. Viruses, as obligate pathogens, can trigger numerous pathological changes and cause systemic damages that impact all aspects of plant life through encoded viral proteins, conceptually considered as "effectors". Phytohormones, such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonate (JA), and others, play crucial roles in regulating both growth and defense against pathogen infections, with their effects being either positive or negative depending on the specific type of virus, pathogen, and host (Murphy et al., 2020; Ullah et a., 2023; Li et a., 2023).
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