Abstract
Single and simultaneous toxic effects of glyphosate (Amega Up, 360 g L-1, 4%) and copper sulphate (0.01%) were studied in avian embryos treated either with injection directly into the air chamber or by immersion application for 30 min on day 0 of incubation. Alterations of the chicken embryos were evaluated during necropsy performed on day 19 of incubation, together with mortality, body weight and the type of developmental abnormalities. Based on the results, the injection application appeared to be more toxic than the immersion method, as it induced increased mortality and reduced the average body weight, and resulted in a higher incidence of congenital anomalies. Supposedly, a toxicodynamic interaction occurs between copper sulphate and glyphosate, which may reduce the vitality of embryos and thus decrease the number of offspring in wild birds.
Highlights
Pesticides are used in agriculture mainly to control pests, fungi, and weeds
A toxicodynamic interaction occurs between copper sulphate and glyphosate, which may reduce the vitality of embryos and decrease the number of offspring in wild birds
Glyphosate caused an increase in mortality (35%) in Group III, which was statistically significant as compared to the control (P < 0.05)
Summary
Pesticides are used in agriculture mainly to control pests, fungi, and weeds. Their application in agriculture helps to increase the yield, improve the quality as well as extend the storage life of food crops. As plant protection products are biologically active, they have the potential to affect non-target organisms, in terrestrial environments where exposure may be continuous. The excessive use of pesticides may lead to the destruction of biodiversity. Aquatic organisms and animals are under the threat of harmful pesticides for their survival (Mahmood et al, 2016). Embryos in the eggs are threatened, because these chemicals can penetrate the porous eggshell and increase the mortality or development anomalies of embryos as well (Kertesz, 2001)
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