Reproduction Techniques Applied to Chondrichthyans Conservation

Abstract

Chondrichthyan fishes, which comprise sharks, rays, and chimaeras, are one of the most threatened groups of vertebrates. Given this situation, one possible strategy for the protection of these species could be the use of ex situ conservation projects. However, to develop sustainable ex situ conservation programs, captive breeding techniques, such as sperm extraction and its preservation, should be used. Two main obstacles must be overcome to develop these techniques: first, the lack of knowledge and the scarce previous work focused on the conservation of gametes from these animals; secondly, the peculiarities of the reproductive anatomy of each particular species. Through a detailed description of their reproductive anatomy, we have been able to develope the best techniques to obtain viable sperm from 17 species. Extraction has been performed in both live and dead animals, using cannulation, abdominal massage, and dissection. Exceptionally, we have even been able to recover viable sperm from the reproductive tract of females. Moreover, we have formulated artificial seminal plasma that can be used as an extender to maintain sperm motility for 36 days at 4 °C. By supplementing this extender with different combinations of cryoprotectants, i.e., methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and fresh egg yolk, we were able to successfully cryopreserve (for the first time in most of these species) the sperm of 14 chondrichthyan species. Sperm samples were frozen inside a styrofoam box using the vapour of liquid nitrogen and were preserved in liquid nitrogen. The sperm quality was assessed by studying the motility and membrane integrity post thawing, demonstrating its effectiveness in the 14 species tested. In rays, the use of 10% DMSO or 10% methanol rendered post-thawing motility values higher than 40%. In sharks and the chimaera species, the best post-thawing motility values were obtained with a combination of 5% DMSO, 5% methanol and 10% egg yolk, which induced mean values close to 35%. All this information broadens our knowledge on the reproductive techniques that can be applied to chondrichthyans, laying the foundations for the first cryobanks for their sperm.