Reproducibility of the BCR sequential extraction procedure in a long-term study of the association of heavy metals with soil components in an upland catchment in Scotland

Abstract

Humic iron podzol soils from three different plots at the Glensaugh Research Station, Aberdeenshire have been sampled on an annual basis since 1990 and analysed using both total digestion and the original BCR sequential extraction procedure. Particular care was required during the oxidation of these organic soils to prevent loss of material. The residue from the sequential extraction was analysed so that the values for total concentration derived from the total digestion and from the sum of the concentrations in the fractions of the extraction procedure could be compared. The comparison was good for all three soils indicating that not only did the sequential extraction give good recovery but that this was reproducible over a period of several years. The proportion of metals extractable at each step remained relatively constant thereby demonstrating the reproducibility of the procedure and the stability of the metals in the soils over the time scale of the sampling used. Whereas the total concentrations of Cr, Cu and Ni were highest in the soil from a roadside plot, this was not the case for Cd, Pb and Zn. In the case of Pb, concentrations in soils (0–25-cm depth) well away from the road were over 100 mg/kg and well above the expected background level. The distribution of metals between each of the extracted fractions varied not only between each metal but also between each of the three soils indicating that both metal and soil influenced the measured distribution. The distribution of Pb in the roadside soil was different from those in the other two soils and over 10% was extracted in the first, acetic acid soluble, fraction.