Abstract
This chapter shows how reading both types of sources, text and image in tandem, brings out the complexities of the representation of the ideal city and its inhabitants through a variety of aesthetic modes. It focuses on evidence from early Mughal India. The figure of the dervish or jogī , appearing in multiple manifestations in Mughal literature and painting, is an example of a social type that merits further scrutiny. The chapter then discusses a type of individual who was also popularly represented in painting and literature, from the earliest period of Indo-Persian poetry but especially by Mughal artists and poets. In the Mughal period, innumerable paintings were produced of ascetics and holy men, alone or in company with princes. The historical and poetic texts of this period also reflect this fascination with holy men that are ethnographic in their detailed descriptions. Keywords:ethnography; Indo-Persian poetry; jogi ; Mughal literature; Mughal painting
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