Abstract
Abstract The progression from first to second generation expert systems is discussed, highlighting the advantages gained and the new difficulties encountered. The advantages derive from the power to represent and reason from real knowledge rather than merely facts and rules. The new difficulties encountered derive from our limited understanding of knowledge and the consequent lack of techniques and skills for abstracting, classifying and structuring knowledge. Observations and conclusions regarding the representation of real knowledge in real-time systems are drawn from experience gained in a family of collaborative application development projects spanning process monitoring, control, troubleshooting and scheduling.
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