Abstract
The phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR) has attenuated the efficacy of anticancer drugs and the possibility of successful cancer chemotherapy. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play an essential role in mediating MDR in cancer cells by increasing efflux of drugs from cancer cells, hence reducing the intracellular accumulation of chemotherapeutic drugs. Interestingly, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as AST1306, lapatinib, linsitinib, masitinib, motesanib, nilotinib, telatinib and WHI-P154, have been found to have the capability to overcome anticancer drug resistance by inhibiting ABC transporters in recent years. This review will focus on some of the latest and clinical developments with ABC transporters, TKIs and anticancer drug resistance.
Highlights
Cancer, known as malignant neoplasm or tumor, is the second most leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases in United States and developing countries
One of most common mechanisms that produce multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells is the overexpression of a family of specific transmembrane, energy-dependent transporters known as ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters
Because of containing only one transmembrane binding domains (TMDs) and one nucleotide binding domains (NBDs), ABCG2 is the first half transporter in the ABC transporter family, which plays an essential role in regulating MDR in cancer cells
Summary
Known as malignant neoplasm or tumor, is the second most leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases in United States and developing countries. Cancer treatment is often consisted of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and combination therapy. Chemotherapy has been the first-line treatment of most cancers for several decades, and uses drugs with different chemical structures and different mechanisms of action. Chronic treatment of cancer with chemotherapeutic drugs produces resistance to that particular drug and reduces the effectiveness of anticancer agents, which enhances the possibility of ―cancer recurrence‖ [2]. Anticancer drug resistance appears to be the leading obstacle in the process of chemotherapy. The most common mechanisms that produce drug resistance in cancer cells include: (1) altered cell cycle check points; (2) induction of emergency response genes;. Since ABC transporter-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) is the most aggressive and lethal form of drug resistance, it will be discussed here
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