Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) acts as a key precursor of the particulate matter, could reduce visibility, deplete stratospheric ozone, and trigger perturbation in ecosystems. Being an agrarian country with a large livestock population and uncontrolled fertilizer application, India could be accountable as a major stakeholder of global NH3 emissions. This study developed a comprehensive gridded (0.1° x 0.1°) ammonia inventory for India considering 24 types of sources. The total NH3 emission is estimated to be 10.54 Tg/yr in 2022, where synthetic fertilizer application accounts for ~47% followed by livestock (~34%). Minor unattended sectors such as biomass burning, agricultural soil, human excrement, waste disposal, etc. contribute 0.68 Tg/yr, 0.32 Tg/yr, 0.3 Tg/yr, and 0.14 Tg/yr, respectively. The overall uncertainty of the inventory lies at ± 55%. These emission datasets are essential for atmospheric chemistry models and could be a crucial tool for policymakers to combat ammonia pollution.
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