Abstract
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D have important biological roles in the body, especially in bone metabolism. We aimed to study the reported intake, the disparity between the reported consumption and the level needed for adequacy and food sources of these four nutrients in the Spanish population. We assessed the reported intake for both, general population and plausible reporters. Results were extracted from the ANIBES survey, n = 2009. Three-day dietary reported intake data were obtained and misreporting was assessed according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Mean ± SEM (range) total reported consumption of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D for the whole population were 698 ± 7 mg/day (71–2551 mg/day), 1176 ± 8 mg/day, (331–4429 mg/day), 222 ± 2 mg/day (73–782 mg/day), and 4.4 ± 0.1 µg/day (0.0–74.2 µg/day), respectively. In the whole group, 76% and 66%; 79% and 72%; and 94% and 93% of the population had reported intakes below 80% of the national and European recommended daily intakes for calcium, magnesium and vitamin D, respectively; these percentages were over 40% when the plausible reporters were analysed separately. The main food sources were milk and dairy products for calcium and phosphorus, cereals and grains for magnesium and fish for vitamin D. In conclusion, there is an important percentage of the Spanish ANIBES population not meeting the recommended intakes for calcium, magnesium and vitamin D.
Highlights
The decline of essential nutrients deficiencies over the past century along with the improvement in the treatment of infectious diseases has contributed to the increase in population life expectancy [1].in recent years, rates of nutrition-related chronic diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have increased, dwindling the quality of life of the population [1,2,3].Studying the nutritional situation of the population as well as lifestyle habits is fundamental to design national guidelines and public policies
Several studies have shown that a higher consumption of milk and dairy products rich in calcium is associated with lower incidence of T2DM [10,11,12,13]
Adequacy was calculated comparing with 80% of the Spanish dietary reference value (DRV) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) population reference intake (PRI) or adequate intake (AI)
Summary
The decline of essential nutrients deficiencies over the past century along with the improvement in the treatment of infectious diseases has contributed to the increase in population life expectancy [1].in recent years, rates of nutrition-related chronic diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have increased, dwindling the quality of life of the population [1,2,3].Studying the nutritional situation of the population as well as lifestyle habits is fundamental to design national guidelines and public policies. In recent years, rates of nutrition-related chronic diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have increased, dwindling the quality of life of the population [1,2,3]. Some studies have demonstrated that the consumption of low-fat milk and dairy products is inversely associated with the risk of hypertension [8,9]. Several studies have shown that a higher consumption of milk and dairy products rich in calcium is associated with lower incidence of T2DM [10,11,12,13]. It is important to highlight that the diet is not the only factor that increases or decreases the risk of developing chronic diseases; there are other factors as the genetic background and lifestyle habits that contribute to the risk and prevalence of these diseases
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