Abstract
In the context of the French Phytoplankton and Phycotoxins MonitoringNetwork (REPHY) programme, shellfish samples were harvested from different locationswhere harmful algae blooms were known to have occurred. For all shellfish samples foundpositive by the mouse bioassay for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, liquidchromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to search for thefollowing lipophilic toxins: okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxins (DTXs), pectenotoxins(PTXs), azaspiracids (AZAs), yessotoxins (YTXs), spirolides (SPXs) and gymnodimines(GYMs). In order to investigate the presence of acyl-OAs and/or acyl-DTX-1,-2 (DTX-3),alkaline hydrolysis was performed on all samples, and LC/MS analyses were carried out onthe samples before and after hydrolysis. The results revealed different lipophilic toxinprofiles as a function of the shellfish sampling location. The primary finding was that all ofthe samples contained OA and acyl-OA. In addition, other lipophilic toxins were found inshellfish samples: DTX-2, acyl-DTX-2 and SPXs (SPX-A, SPX-desMeC) on the Atlanticcoast (Southern Brittany, Arcachon), and pectenotoxins (PTX-2, PTX-2-seco-acid and 7-epi-PTX-2-seco-acid) on the Mediterranean coast (Thau lagoon, the island of Corsica).This paper reports on the first detection of PTX-2, SPX-A and their derivatives in Frenchshellfish.
Highlights
Among toxin-related toxic phenomena, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) represents a serious threat to both public health and the shellfish industry
During a DSP outbreak associated with Dinophysis sp. that occurred in France between 2004 and 2006, shellfish samples tested positive to the mouse bioassay for lipophilic toxins
The study was carried out using the comprehensive liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)-based approach which enabled us to investigate the presence of okadaic acid (OA) together with a wide range of lipophilic toxins distributed in European seas
Summary
Among toxin-related toxic phenomena, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) represents a serious threat to both public health and the shellfish industry. Following the first episodes of DSP, the polyether lipophilic compounds okadaic acid (OA) and its methyl derivative, dinophysistoxin (DTX-1) were identified in toxic shellfish [1,2] Congeners of these toxins, such as the OA isomer (DTX-2) [3] and a number of ester derivatives of OA, DTX-1 and DTX-2 were subsequently identified in shellfish [4,5,6]. Other marine toxins were identified - both spirolides (SPXs) and gymnodimines (GYMs) - in lipophilic extracts used for DSP toxin detection by mouse bioassay according to the modified Yasumoto method [12]. GYMs have been detected in shellfish in association with Karenea selliformis firstly in New Zealand [19,20] and subsequently in Tunisia [21]
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